Table 3.
Hypospadias outcomes from genital examination and participant‐reported measures in males.
|
All operated n = 74 |
Hypospadias n = 25 |
PAIS n = 15 |
Partial/mixed GD n = 34 |
Non‐operated clinical controls † n = 50 |
Test statistics | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A) Genital examinations | ||||||
| Genital examination performed, n (%) | 64 (86.5) | 18 (72.0) | 13 (86.7) | 33 (97.1) ‡ | 35 (71.4) ‡ | χ 2(3) = 10.0* |
| Overall genital appearance, n (%) | ||||||
| Good | 30 (48.4) | 12 (66.7) | 1 (8.3) ‡ | 17 (53.1) | 19 (82.6) ‡ | χ 2(6) = 21.0** |
| Satisfactory | 25 (40.3) | 4 (22.2) | 8 (66.7) ‡ | 13 (40.6) | 4 (17.4) ‡ | |
| Poor | 7 (11.3) | 2 (11.1) | 3 (25.0) ‡ | 2 (6.3) | 0 (0) | |
| Foreskin present, n (%) | ||||||
| No | 50 (80.6) | 13 (76.5) | 8 (72.7) | 29 (87.9) ‡ | 5 (22.7) ‡ | χ 2(6) = 50.6*** |
| Incomplete | 8 (12.9) | 4 (23.5) ‡ | 1 (9.1) | 3 (9.1) ‡ | 0 (0) | |
| Hooded/complete | 3 (4.8) | 0 (0) ‡ | 2 (18.2) | 1 (3.0) | 17 (77.3) ‡ | |
| Stretched dorsal penile length (mm), mean (SD) | 63 (–) | 68 (31) | 46 (21) ‡ | 68 (15) | 89 (25) ‡ | F(3,81) = 10.6*** |
| Meatus position, n (%) | ||||||
| Normal | 46 (74.2) | 14 (77.8) | 8 (66.7) | 24 (75.0) | 27 (100) | χ 2(3) = 9.1* |
| Other § | 16 (25.8) | 4 (22.2) | 4 (33.3) | 8 (25.0) | 0 (0) ‡ | |
| Persistent chordee, n (%) | ||||||
| No | 55 (90.2) | 13 (76.5) | 12 (100) | 30 (93.8) | 22 (88.0) | n.s. |
| Yes | 6 (9.8) | 4 (23.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (6.3) | 3 (12.0) | |
| Scars, n (%) | ||||||
| No | 9 (15.3) | 5 (31.3) | 0 (0) ‡ | 4 (12.9) ‡ | 16 (76.2) ‡ | χ 2(9) = 33.8*** |
| Minor | 34 (57.6) | 6 (37.5) | 9 (75.0) ‡ | 19 (61.3) | 5 (23.8) ‡ | |
| Moderate | 15 (25.4) | 5 (31.3) | 3 (25.0) | 7 (22.6) | 0 (0) ‡ | |
| Severe | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.2) | 0 (0) | |
| sensitivity glans, n (%) | ||||||
| No | 3 (5.4) | 2 (13.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.3) | 1 (4.0) | n.s. |
| Same as inner thigh | 19 (33.9) | 7 (46.7) | 3 (27.3) | 9 (30.0) | 11 (44.0) | |
| More than inner thigh | 30 (53.6) | 6 (40.0) | 7 (63.6) | 17 (56.7) | 13 (52.0) | |
| Much more/pain | 4 (7.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (9.1) | 3 (10.0) | 0 (0) | |
| B) Participant‐reported measures | ||||||
| Satisfaction postoperative genital appearance, n (%) | ||||||
| (Very) Satisfied | 17 (30.4) | 6 (30.0) | 1 (8.3) | 10 (41.7) | n.a. | n.s. |
| Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 18 (32.1) | 6 (30.0) | 3 (25.0) | 9 (37.5) | ||
| (Very) Dissatisfied | 21 (37.5) | 8 (40.0) | 8 (66.7) ‡ | 5 (20.8) ‡ | ||
| Satisfaction postoperative genital function, n (%) | ||||||
| (Very) Satisfied | 25 (44.6) | 9 (45.0) | 5 (41.7) | 11 (45.8) | n.a. | n.s. |
| Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 20 (35.7) | 6 (30.0) | 2 (16.7) | 12 (50.0) | ||
| (Very) Dissatisfied | 11 (19.6) | 5 (25.0) | 5 (41.7) ‡ | 1 (4.2) ‡ | ||
| Penile body image, n (%) | ||||||
| (Very) Satisfied | 16 (23.2) | 4 (18.2) | 1 (6.7) ‡ | 11 (34.4) | 25 (53.2) ‡ | χ 2(6) = 21.3** |
| Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied | 10 (14.5) | 5 (22.7) | 0 (0) | 5 (15.6) | 6 (12.8) | |
| (Very) Dissatisfied | 43 (62.3) | 13 (59.1) | 14 (93.3) ‡ | 16 (50.0) | 16 (34.0) ‡ | |
| Satisfaction penile length, n (%) | ||||||
| (Very) Satisfied | 9 (13.4) | 3 (15.0) | 0 (0) ‡ | 6 (18.8) | 24 (54.5) ‡ | χ 2(6) = 29.9*** |
| Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 15 (22.4) | 4 (20.0) | 1 (6.7) | 10 (31.3) ‡ | 5 (11.4) | |
| (Very) Dissatisfied | 43 (64.2) | 13 (65.0) | 14 (93.3) ‡ | 16 (50.0) | 15 (34.1) ‡ | |
| Satisfaction penile shape, n (%) | ||||||
| (Very) Satisfied | 19 (28.4) | 6 (30.0) | 2 (13.3) ‡ | 11 (34.4) | 27 (61.4) ‡ | χ 2(6) = 25.6*** |
| Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 20 (29.9) | 3 (15.0) | 3 (20.0) | 14 (43.8) ‡ | 8 (18.2) | |
| (Very) Dissatisfied | 28 (41.8) | 11 (55.0) ‡ | 10 (66.7) ‡ | 7 (21.9) | 9 (20.5) ‡ | |
| Satisfaction erectability, n (%) | ||||||
| (Very) Satisfied | 44 (66.7) | 14 (70.0) | 9 (60.0) | 21 (67.7) | 29 (67.4) | n.s. |
| Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 17 (25.8) | 5 (25.0) | 5 (33.3) | 7 (22.6) | 9 (20.9) | |
| (Very) Dissatisfied | 5 (7.6) | 1 (5.0) | 1 (6.7) | 3 (9.7) | 5 (11.6) | |
| Satisfaction orgasm ability, n (%) | ||||||
| (Very) Satisfied | 37 (68.5) | 10 (52.6) | 10 (76.9) | 17 (77.3) | 24 (64.9) | χ 2(6) = 15.9* |
| Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 14 (25.9) | 9 (47.4) ‡ | 1 (7.7) | 4 (18.2) | 5 (13.5) | |
| (Very) Dissatisfied | 3 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 2 (15.4) | 1 (4.5) | 8 (21.6) ‡ | |
| Sexual problems experienced, n (%) | ||||||
| Pain during intercourse | 4 (8.0) | 2 (11.1) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (4.3) | 9 (25.0) ‡ | n.s. |
| Frequent urogenital infections | 7 (10.1) | 2 (9.5) | 4 (26.7) ‡ | 1 (3.0) | 2 (4.3) | χ 2(3) = 9.3* |
| Premature ejaculation | 8 (14.5) | 0 (0) ‡ | 4 (28.6) | 4 (17.4) | 14 (36.8) ‡ | χ 2(3) = 9.9* |
| Erectile dysfunction | 12 (20.3) | 4 (21.1) | 3 (21.4) | 5 (19.2) | 15 (37.5) | n.s. |
| Delayed orgasm | 14 (20.0) | 7 (31.8) | 4 (26.7) | 3 (9.1) ‡ | 15 (31.9) | n.s. |
| Overall sex life evaluation, n (%) | ||||||
| (Very) Satisfied | 20 (28.2) | 5 (21.7) | 3 (20.0) | 12 (36.4) | 17 (35.4) | n.s. |
| Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied | 26 (36.6) | 8 (34.8) | 4 (26.7) | 14 (42.4) | 16 (33.3) | |
| (Very) Dissatisfied | 25 (35.2) | 10 (43.5) | 8 (53.3) | 7 (21.2) | 15 (31.3) | |
GD, gonadal dysgenesis; n.a., not applicable; n.s., not significant; PAIS, partial androgen insensitivity syndrome.
†
Clinical controls include participants with Klinefelter syndrome/XX males without hypospadias surgery.
‡
Difference in post hoc testing.
§
15 glandular/coronal, 1 posterior.
*
P ≤ 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01; ***P ≤ 0.001.