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Schematic diagram of the role of cytokines and ROS during pain states. Melatonin acts via its MT1/MT2 receptors in the spinal cord and in brain and by its interaction with other receptors such as opioid and NMDA. Abbreviations NO, nitric oxide; ROS, reactive oxygen species, IL, interleukin); TNF, tumor necrosis factor; MT1/MT2, melatonin receptors; NMDA, N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate
