Table 3.

Aptamers against different target proteins of viruses.

Viruses	Targets	Aptamer sequences	Affinity (Kd)	Refs
Hepatitis B virus	HBsAg	5′-GGG AAT TCG AGC TCG GTA CCG GCA CAA GCA TAT GGA CTC CTC TGA ACC TAC GAT GTA GTA CCT GCA GGC ATG CAA GCT TGG-3′	–	[76]
	HBeAg	5′-TTT TTT GGT CAG ATG AGG CTT GGT GAT CGT GCC CAG GCC ATA TGA GCA AGG AAC CCC TAT GCG TGC T-3′	1.2 nM	[179]
	HBcAg	5′-AGC AGC ACA GAG GTC AGA TGA GGC CTG GTG ATC GTG CCC AGG CCA TAT GAG CAA GGA ACC CCT ATG CGT GCT ACC GTG AA-3′	0.2 nM	[181]
Influenza virus H5N1	HA	5′-GTG TGC ATG GAT AGC ACG TAA CGG TGT AGT AGA TAC GTG CGG GTA GGA AGA AAG GGA AAT AGT TGT CCT GTT GTT GCC ATG TGT ATG TGG G-3′	4.65 nM	[84]
H1N1		5′-TAC TGC ACA CGA CAC CGA CTG TCA CCA TCA CCT CGG CGC AGT GCT GGA ACT CCC CGA CTG C-3′	19.2 nM	[100]
Influenza A	Nucleoprotein	5′-TAG GGA AGA GAA GGA CAT ATG ATT GGC TTG CAT GCT GGA CTT CCT ACT GGT TTT TGA CTA GTA CAT GAC CAC TTG A-3′	77.6 ± 5.9 nM	[182]
Influenza B		5′-ATT ATG GCG TAT TGC AGC GTT CTG GTT GGT GGT GGG CAG GTG GTG GTA CTG CGC TGC AGC TTG TTG GTG AGG TAA CGG CT-3′	0.97 ± 0.6 nM	[157]
Influenza A (H1N1)	Whole virus particle	5′-GCA ATG GTA CTT CCA TTC GAC CTC TGT AAC AGC CAC GAA AAC CCT ATA TCA AAA GTG CAC GCT ACT TTG CTA A-3′	23.98 ± 6.39 nM	[183]
Avian influenza (H5N2)		5′-CGT ACG GAA TTC GCT AGC TGA TGG TGT GGC GGG GGG CGG CCT GGG GCG GGC CGC CGA TGG GAT CCG AGC TCC ACG TG-3′	6.913 × 105 EID50/mL	[184]
Avian influenza (H5N1)		5′-CGT ACG GTC GAC GCT AGC TAA CGG TGT GGC CCG GGG GTA CAG CGC ACT CAC GTG GAG CTC GGA TCC-3′	7 × 104 EID50/mL	[185]
SARS-CoV-2	Envelop protein: Receptor binding domain (RBD) S1 subunit	5′-TGG GAG CCT GGG ACA TAG TGG GGA AAG AGG GGA AGA GTG GGT CT-3	2 nM	[108]
		5′-CAG CAC CGA CCT TGT GCT TTG GGA GTG CTG GTC CAA GGG CGT TAA TGG ACA-3′	5.8 ± 0.8 nM	[106]
			1.8 ± 0.4 nM	[107]
			2.7 ± 0.2 nM
	N-terminal domain	5′-TCG CTC TTT CCG CTT CTT CGC GGT CAT TGT GCA TCC TGA CTG ACC CTA AGG TGC GAA CAT CGC CCG CGT AAG TCC GTG TGT GCG AA-3	80 nM	[105]
	Nucleocapsid	5′-GCT GGA TGT CGC TTA CGA CAA TAT TCC TTA GGG GCA CCG CTA CAT TGA CAC ATC CAG C-3′	0.49 ± 0.05 nM	[36]
		5′-GCT GGA TGT CAC CGG ATT GTC GGA CAT CGG ATT GTC TGA GTC ATA TGA CAC ATC CAG C-3′	0.70 ± 0.06 nM
SARS-CoV	Nucleocapsid protein	5′-GCA ATG GTA CGG TAC TTC CGG ATG CGG AAA CTG GCT AAT TGG TGA GGC TGG GGC GGT CGT GCA GCA AAA GTG CAC GCT ACT TTG CTA A-3′	4.93 ± 0.30 nM	[186]
		5′-GGG AGA GCG GAA GCG UGC UGG GCC UGU CGG UUC GCU GUC UUG CUA CGU UAC GUU ACA CGG UUG GCA UAA CCC AGA GGU CGA UGG AUC CCC CC-3′	1.65 ± 0.41 nM	[187]
	Envelope Glycoprotein E2	5′-GCG GAA TTC TAA TAC GAC TCA CTA TAG GGA ACA GTC CGA GCC GAA TGA GGA ATA ATC TAG CTC CTT CGC TGA GGG TCA ATG CGT CAT A-3′	1.05 ± 1 nM	[188]
Norovirus	Capsid protein	5′-GCT AGC GAA TTC CGT ACG AAG GGC GAA TTC CAC ATT GGG CTG CAG CCC GGG GGA TCC-3′	picomolar range	[130]
		5′-GTC TGT AGT AGG GAG GAT GGT CCG GGG CCC CGA GAC GAC GTT ATC AGG C-3′	–	[189]
Human papillomavirus	L1 capsid	5′-GGG AAC GGG AAC AAA AGC UGC ACA GGU UAC CCC CGC UUG GGU CUC CCU AUA GUG AGU CGU AUU ATT TTT-3′	0.05 pM	[190]
	E7 protein	5′-GGG AGG ACG AUG CGG AAG CAT CAA GGG TGA TCG TTT GAC CCT CCC CAG ACG ACU CGC CCG A-3′	–	[191]
HIV	Tat protein	5′-ACG AAG CUU GAU CCC GUU UGC CGG UCG AUC GCU UCG A-3′	120 ± 13 pM	[192]
		5′-GAA GCU UGA UCC CGA A-3′ (Strand 1) 5′-UCG GUC GAU CGC UUC AUA A-3′ (Strand 2)	0.5 nM	[172]
Dengue virus	Envelop protein domain III (ED3)	5′-GGG AAG ATC TCG ACC AGA AGG CAC CGG GCA GGA CGT CCG GGG TCC TCG GGG GGC TAT GTG CGT CTA CAT GGA TCC TCA-3′	200 nM	[193]
Zika virus	NS1	5′-GAT AGA ATT CGA GCT CGG GCA CTA GGT TGC AGG GGA CTG CTC GGG ATT GCG GAT CAA CCT AGT TGC TTC TCT CGT ATG ATG CGG GTC GAC AAG CTT TAA T-3′	24 pM	[177]
Ebola virus	Type I transmembrane protein	5′-AGC AGC ACA GAG GTC AGA TGG CCG CAG ACA GAA ACA CAA ACA GTA TAC AGC TAT CTC GCT TGG ACC TCG CAT AAT ATA CGC CTA TGC GTG CTA CCG TGA A-3′	4.1 ± 0.9 nM	[120]