Table 5.

Summary of aptasensors applied in virus detection.

Virus	Recognition sites	Detection techniques	Limit of detection (LOD)	Linear ranges	Detection Time	Refs.
Hepatitis B virus	HBsAg	Field-effect transistor	10 aM	10 aM-0.1 μM	5 s	[79]
		Cyclic voltammetry	0.0014 fg/mL	0.125–2.0 fg/mL	–	[78]
		Chemiluminescent	0.05 ng/mL	1–225 ng/mL	–	[77]
		Chemiluminescent	0.1 ng/mL	1–200 ng/mL	–	[76]
		FRET	2.5 pM	50–250 pM	–	[41]
SARS-CoV-2	Spike protein	FET	10 fM	10 fM-10 pM	–	[201]
		Electrochemical detection	1 ag/mL	1 ag/mL-1 pg/mL	–	[110]
		Nanoparticle surface energy transfer (NSET)	130 fg/mL	100 fg/mL-10 pg/ml	10 min	[117]
		SERS	1 fM	1 fM-1μM	–	[111]
		Glucometer	4.38 pM	1–500 pM	60 min	[119]
SARS-CoV	Nucleocapsid	Colorimetry	1 ng/mL	–	15 min	[36]
		Glucometer	5.76 pM	1–500 pM	–	[119]
		Proximity ligation assay (PLA)	37.5 pg/mL	50–5000 pg/mL	120 min	[162]
		Fluorescence detection	2 pg/mL	–	–	[187]
		Fluorescence detection	0.1 pg/mL		60 min	[202]
Hepatitis C virus	HCVcoreAg	Electrochemical detection	2 fM	0.2 fM-0.2 pM	17 min	[139]
		Colorimetry	0.1 fg/mL	0.1–10 pg/mL	–	[37]
		Electrochemical detection	1.67 fg/mL	5.0 fg/mL-1.0 pg/mL	–	[143]
		Impedance	3.3 pg/mL	10–70 pg/mL and 10–70 pg/mL	–	[144]
		AFM	0.1 pM	0.1–100 pM	–	[146]
		Lateral Flow Strip	10 pg/mL	10–1000 pg/mL	10 min	[203]
Norovirus	Capsid	Colorimetry	30 viruses/mL	200-10000 viruses/mL	10 min	[38]
		Square wave voltammetry	10 aM	20–120 aM	60 min	[130]
		SPR	70 aM	70–200 aM	–	[34]
		Fluorescence detection	3.3 ng/mL	13 ng/mL-13 μg/mL	10 min	[134]
			4.4 ng/mL
		Differential pulse voltammograms	100 pM	100 pM-3.5 nM	35 min	[133]
		Intra chemiluminescent resonance transfer (Intra-CRET)	80 ng/mL	0.16–10 μg/mL	–	[135]
		Electrochemical detection	1.44 μg/mL	0.01–1000 μg/mL	–	[131]
HPV	L1 capsid	laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI MS)	58.8 pg/mL	2–80 ng/mL	–	[152]
		Differential pulse voltammetry	0.1 ng/mL	0.2–2 ng/mL	–	[151]
		Cyclic voltammetry	490 pM	10–80 nM	–	[204]
HIV	Tat portein	SPRe-TIRE	1.11 pM	1.0–500 nM	–	[171]
		Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE)	115 pM	1.0–500 nM
		Colorimetry	10 nM	10–150 nM	–	[173]
		FET	0.6 nM	0.6 nM-1.0 uM	–	[175]
Dengue virus	NS1 protein	Cyclic voltammetry	0.3 ng/mL	3–160 ng/mL	–	[176]
	Envelop protein domain III (ED3)	Fluorescence detection	1 × 102 p.f.u.ml−1	1 × 102–1 × 106 p.f.u.ml−1	–	[124]
Ebola virus	Type I transmembrane protein	Fluorescence detection	4.2 ng/mL	5–150 ng/mL	–	[120]
Zika virus	NS1 protein	ELISA	0.1 ng/mL	0.1–1 ng/mL	–	[177]
	Envelop protein	Colorimetry	1 pM	1pM-1 nM	–	[121]