TABLE 3.
Risk of bias assessment. For non‐randomized studies, selection bias was not applicable (na)
| References | Selection bias, sequence generation | Selection bias, allocation concealment | Performance bias (blinding of participants and personnel) | Detection bias (blinding of outcome assessment) | Attrition bias (loss of patients to follow‐up) | Selective reporting bias (selective revealing or suppression of information) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Di Fiore et al. (2018) | na | na | High | High | Low | High |
| Joda and Brägger (2014) | na | na | High | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Joda and Brägger (2015) | na | na | High | Unclear | Low | High |
| Joda and Brägger (2016) | High | High | High | Unclear | Low | High |
| Mangano and Veronesi (2018) | Low | Low | High | Unclear | Low | High |
| Mangano, Mangano, et al. (2019) | na | na | High | High | Low | High |
| Mangano, Margiani, et al. (2019) | na | na | High | High | Low | Low |
| Pan et al. (2019) | na | na | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Zhang, Qiu, et al. (2019) | Low | Low | High | Unclear | Low | Low |
The color shades indicates high risk (red), unclear risk (yellow), low risk (green).