Table 3.
Calculation formula used in HCC risk prediction models
| Calculation formula | Risk group |
Integer scoring system | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | Intermediate | High | |||
| GAG-HCC | 14 × sex (male=1; female=0) + age (in years) + 3 × HBV DNA (log copies/mL) + 33 × cirrhosis (presence=1; absence=0) | <100 | ≥100 | No | |
| CU-HCC | Age (>50 years=3; ≤50 years=0) + albumin (≤35 g/L=20; >35 g/L=0) + bilirubin (>18 μmol/L=1.5; ≤18 μmol/L=0) + HBV DNA (<4 log copies/mL=0; 4–6 log copies/mL=1; >6 log copies/mL=4) + cirrhosis (yes=15; no=0) | <5 | 5–19 | >19 | Yes |
| REACH-B | Male sex: 2 points | ≤5 | 6–11 | 12–18 | Yes |
| Age: 1 point for every 5 years from 35 to 65 years of age (0–6 points) | |||||
| ALT (IU/L):15 to <45 (1 point), ≥45 (2 points) | |||||
| Positive HBeAg: 2 points | |||||
| HBV DNA (logcopies/mL): 104 to <105 (3 points), 105 to <106 (5 points), ≥106 (4 points) | |||||
| REACH-B II | Age: (each 5 years increment) 1 point | Yes | |||
| Male sex: 4 points | |||||
| ALT (IU/L): 15–44 (1 point), ≥45 (2 points) | |||||
| Positive HBeAg: genotype B or B+C (7 points), genotype C (10 points) | |||||
| HBV DNA (logcopies/mL)/HBsAg/genotype: <104/<100–999/any type (3 points), <104/≥1,000/any type (4 points), 104-6/<999/any type (5 points), <104-6/≥1,000/any type (7 points), ≥106/any level/B or B+C (7 points), ≥106/any level/C (13 points) | |||||
| Family history of HCC: presence (2 points) | |||||
| LS model | 0.05306 × age + 1.106 × male gender + 0.04858 × LS values + 0.50969 × HBV DNA (≥20,000 IU/L) | No | |||
| LSM-HCC | Age (>50 years=10; ≤50 years=0) + albumin (≤35 g/L=1; >35 g/L=0) + HBV DNA (>200,000 IU/mL=5; ≤200,000 IU/mL=0) + LS (≤8.0 kPa=0; <8.0–12.0 kPa=8; >12.0 kPa=14) | <11 | ≥11 | Yes | |
| LSPS | LS value (kPa) × spleen diameter (cm) / platelet count (×109/L) | <1.1 | >2.5 | No | |
| RWS-HCC | Male sex: 2 points | <4.5 | ≥4.5 | Yes | |
| Age: >55 years (1 point) | |||||
| Cirrhosis: presence (2.5 points) | |||||
| AFP: 4.1–20 (2 points), ≥20 (2.5 points) | |||||
| AGED | Age (years): 31–40 (1 point), 41–50 (2 points), 51–60 (3 points), >60 (2 points) | ≤4 | 5–9 | 10–12 | Yes |
| Male sex: 3 points | |||||
| HBeAg: positive (2 points) | |||||
| HBV DNA (logcopies/mL): <104 (0 point), 104-6 (4 points), >106 (3 points) | |||||
| D2AD | 2.9325 × log (HBV DNA IU/mL) − 0.10527 × [log (HBV DNA IU/mL)]2 + -1.27223 × (2 if female and 1 if male) + 0.07013 × age (years) | <2 | 2.0–2.4 | ≥2.5 | No |
| PAGE-B | Age (years): <30 (-4 points), 30–39 (-2 points), 40–49 (0 point), 50–59 (2 points), 60–69 (4 points), ≥70 (6 points) | ≤9 | 10–17 | ≥18 | Yes |
| Male sex: 5 points | |||||
| Platelets (mm3): ≥200×103 (0 point), 100×103 to <200×103 (6 points), <100×103 (11 points) | |||||
| mPAGE-B | Age (years); 30–39 (3 points), 40–49 (5 points), 50–59 (7 points), 60–69 (9 points), ≥70 (11 points) | ≤8 | 9–12 | ≥13 | Yes |
| Male sex: 2 points | |||||
| Platelets (×109/L): ≥250 (0 point), 200–250 (2 points), 150–200 (3 points), 100–150 (4 points), <100 (5 points) | |||||
| Albumin (g/L): <3 (3 points), 3–3.5 (2 points), 3.5–4 (1 point), ≥4 (0 point) | |||||
| PAGE-LS-B | 0.049 × age + 0.817 × male gender – 0.007 × platelet + 0.015 × LS value – 2.097 | <12 | 12–24 | ≥24 | No |
| HCC-RESCUE | Age + 15 × gender (female=0; male=1) + 23 × cirrhosis (absence=0; presence=1) | ≤64 | 65–84 | ≥85 | Yes |
| APA-B | Age (years): <40 (0 point), 40–49 (1 point), 50–59 (2 points), 60–69 (3 points), ≥70 (4 points) | ≤5 | 6–9 | ≥10 | Yes |
| Platelet count (×109/L): ≥130 (0 point), 100–129 (3 points), <100 (6 points) | |||||
| AFP: <5 (0 point), 5–9 (2 points), >9 (5 points) | |||||
| CAMD | Age (years): <40 (0 point), 40–49 (5 points), 50–59 (8 points), ≥60 (10 points) | <8 | 8–13 | ≥13 | Yes |
| Male sex: 2 points | |||||
| DM: presence (1 point) | |||||
| Cirrhosis with age <40 years (10 points), ≥40 years (6 points) | |||||
| AASL | Age (years): <30 (0 point), 30–39 (2 points), 40–49 (4 points), 50–59 (6 points), 60–69 (8 points), ≥70 (10 points) | ≤5 | 6–19 | ≥20 | Yes |
| Male sex: 3 points | |||||
| Albumin (g/L): <2.8 (5 points), 2.8–3.4 (3 points), ≥3.5 (0 point) | |||||
| Cirrhosis: presence (11 points) | |||||
| REAL-B | Male sex: 1 point | ≤3 | 4–7 | 8–13 | Yes |
| Age (years): 30–39 (1 point), 40–49 (2 points), 50–59 (3 points), 60–69 (4 points), 70–79 (5 points), ≥80 (6 points) | |||||
| Alcohol use: 1 point | |||||
| DM: 1 point | |||||
| Cirrhosis: 2 points | |||||
| Platelet count (×109/L): <150 (1 point) | |||||
| AFP: ≥10 (1 point) | |||||
HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HBV, hepatitis B virus; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LS, liver stiffness; LSM, LS measurement; LSPS, LSM-spleen diameter to platelet ratio score; RWS, real-world risk; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; DM, diabetes mellitus.