. 2022 May 28;10:305–318. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.05.004

Table 4.

Growth performance and intestinal growth of on-growing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed diets containing graded levels of VD₃ for 10 weeks.

Item	VD₃ level, IU/kg diet						P-value
Item	15.2 (control)	364.3	782.5	1,167.9	1,573.8	1,980.1	P-value
IBW¹, g/fish	257.00 ± 0.67	257.11 ± 0.38	258.00 ± 0.67	257.11 ± 0.77	257.33 ± 0.67	256.89 ± 0.38	0.328
FBW¹, g/fish	854.99 ± 14.42^a	965.39 ± 15.01^c	1,051.49 ± 13.21^d	1,129.67 ± 14.73^e	973.48 ± 10.55^c	883.08 ± 10.87^b	<0.001
PWG¹, %	232.68 ± 5.76^a	275.48 ± 5.86^c	306.85 ± 5.28^d	339.37 ± 7.03^e	276.02 ± 3.33^c	242.57 ± 4.45^b	<0.001
SGR¹, %/d	1.72 ± 0.02^a	1.89 ± 0.02^c	2.01 ± 0.01^d	2.11 ± 0.02^e	1.90 ± 0.02^c	1.76 ± 0.02^b	<0.001
FI¹, g/fish	927.47 ± 1.11^a	1,051.64 ± 1.66^c	1,084.60 ± 1.93^d	1,143.64 ± 0.91^e	1,051.06 ± 2.69^c	954.36 ± 1.36^b	<0.001
FE¹, %	0.64 ± 0.02^a	0.67 ± 0.01^bc	0.73 ± 0.01^d	0.76 ± 0.01^e	0.68 ± 0.01^c	0.66 ± 0.01^ab	<0.001
IL², cm	61.36 ± 2.48^a	64.92 ± 2.52^b	69.85 ± 4.95^c	68.83 ± 4.89^c	65.00 ± 3.07^b	62.92 ± 2.85^ab	<0.001
ISI², %	1.68 ± 0.07^a	1.76 ± 0.10a^bc	1.79 ± 0.05^bc	1.82 ± 0.07^c	1.76 ± 0.17^abc	1.73 ± 0.11^ab	0.02
IW², g	14.28 ± 0.91^a	16.83 ± 0.81^b	18.52 ± 1.16^c	20.12 ± 1.91^d	17.13 ± 1.35^b	15.1 ± 1.27^a	<0.001
ILI², %	175.78 ± 6.87^a	179.74 ± 7.64^ab	186.43 ± 13.46^bc	187.99 ± 10.54^c	181.23 ± 7.50^abc	179.02 ± 7.21^ab	0.015
Folds height
PI³, μm	1,274.17 ± 191.08^a	1,520.17 ± 192.56^b	1,734.50 ± 190.88^bc	1,914.50 ± 254.33^c	1,641.50 ± 195.55^b	1,573.83 ± 192.98^b	<0.001
MI³, μm	1,001.17 ± 115.53^a	1,220.67 ± 177.77^b	1,280.83 ± 176.36^bc	1,445.33 ± 200.79^c	1,320.17 ± 153.27^bc	1,201.67 ± 202.87^ab	0.004
DI³, μm	976.83 ± 140.05^a	1,017.67 ± 130.43^a	1,141.00 ± 133.27^ab	1,214.67 ± 161.81^b	1,049.67 ± 140.06^ab	1,004.67 ± 128.87^a	0.046

IBW = initial body weight; FBW = final body weight; PWG = percentage of weight gain; SGR = specific growth rate; FI = feed intake; FE = feed efficiency; IL = intestinal length; ISI = intestinal somatic index; IW = intestinal weight; ILI = intestinal length index; PI = proximal intestine; MI = mid intestine; DI = distal intestine.

^a-e Mean values within a row with different superscript letters indicate significant difference (one-way ANDOVA and Duncan's multiple-range tests, P < 0.05).

Values are means ± SD for 3 replicate groups, with 30 fish in each group.

Values are means ± SD (n = 3).

Values are means ± SD (n = 6).