Table 1.

Search terms

Boolean function	Location	Search terms
	Title	spine OR spinal OR trunk OR “low back” OR “lower back” OR “low-back” OR “lower-back” OR vertebral OR vertebrae OR torso OR core
AND	Any	stiffness OR stiff OR resist OR resistance OR resisting OR rigidity
AND	Any	lumbar OR thoracolumbar OR sacrolumbar
NOT	Any	cadaver* OR “in vitro” OR “in-vitro” OR canine* OR rat* OR mouse OR cat* OR dog* OR calf* OR porcine* OR equine* OR sheep OR feline* OR bovine* OR pig* OR mice