Table 2.
Temporal development of echocardiographic measurements
| * | Newborn | 3–4 months | Newborn vs. 3–4 months | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IUGR | IUGR adj for left ventricular length | Control | Control adj for left ventricular length | IUGR | IUGR adj for left ventricular length | Control | Control adj for left ventricular length | IUGR | Control | ||
| Chronological age at exam (days) | 1.85 (0.75) | 1.95 (0.99) | 118 (92–134) | 116.4 (22.9) | |||||||
| Chronological age at exam (hours) | 44 (18) | 47 (24) | NA | NA | |||||||
| Corrected age at exam (days) | NA | NA | 99.7 (56.7) | 115.6 (25.1) | |||||||
| Length (cm) | 43 (5.1) ††† | 50 (1.7) | 55 (4.1) ††† | 61 (2.4) | *** | *** | |||||
| Weight (g) | 2077 (773) ††† | 3415 (381) | 4655 (929) ††† | 6117 (660) | *** | *** | |||||
| BSA (Mosteller)(m2) | 0.16 (0.039) ††† | 0.22 (0.015) | 0.29 (0.040) ††† | 0.34 (0.031) | *** | *** | |||||
| Heart rate (Beats per min) | 126 (28.1) | 122 (19.5) | 147 (18.9) | 139 (24.0) | * | ** | |||||
| LV | LVEDd (cm) | 1.46 (0.20) ††† | 1.72 (0.14) | 1.98 (0.24) | 2.14 (0.20) | *** | *** | ||||
| IVSd (cm) | 0.25 (0.051) ††† | 0.33 (0.072) | 0.35 (0.051) | 0.37 (0.091) | *** | ||||||
| LVPWd (cm) | 0.25 (0.061) ††† | 0.31 (0.054) | 0.36 (0.050) | 0.37 (0.080) | *** | ** | |||||
| LV mass (g) | 4.42 (1.55)††† | 7.38 (1.47) | 10.06 (3.45) | 11.52 (4.73) | *** | *** | |||||
| LV mass index | 28.2 (6.23) †† | 33.7 (5.76) | 37.67 (9.64) † | 35.45 (10.68) | *** | ||||||
| RWT | 0.35 (0.27–0.40) | 0.35 (0.32–0.39) | 0.36 (0.35–0.38) | 0.35 (0.078) | * | ||||||
| DL septum (mm) | 2.76 (0.79) | 0.112 (0.026) | 3.16 (0.77) | 0.110 (0.028) | 4.72 (0.84)†† | 0.141 (0.030) | 5.69 (1.10) | 0.154 (0.031) | ***/§§ | ***/§§§ | |
| VL septum systole (cm/s) | 2.32 (0.52)† | 0.095 (0.018) | 2.67 (0.66) | 0.087 (0.079–0.11) | 3.56 (0.65)† | 0.107 (0.024) | 4.03 (0.75) | 0.109 (0.020) | *** | ***/§§ | |
| VL septum diastole (cm/s) | − 2.73 (0.66)† | − 0.112 (0.025) | − 3.25(0.8) | − 0.112 (0.029) | − 5.00 (1.07)†† | − 0.151 (0.040) | − 6.20 (1.50) | − 0.167 (0.041) | ***/§§ | ***/§§§ | |
| DL lateral wall (mm) | 2.48 (1.01) | 0.101 (0.039) | 2.67 (2.16–3.08) | 0.088 (0.075–0.11) | 4.1 (1.26)† | 0.122 (0.036) | 5.17 (1.70) | 0.138 (0.044) | *** | ***/§§§ | |
| VL lateral wall systole (cm/s)) | 2.28 (0.88) | 0.085 (0.06–0.11) | 2.45 (0.69) | 0.085 (0.025) | 2.98 (0.76)†† | 0.089 (0.021)‡ | 3.90 (1.12) | 0.105 (0.030) | * | ***/§§ | |
| VL lateral wall diastole (cm/s) | − 2.72 (1.02) | − 0.111 (0.039) | − 3.14 (1.20) | − 0.110 (0.044) | − 4.71 (1.53)† | − 0.141 (0.047) | − 5.78 (1.75) | − 0.155 (0.047) | *** | ***/§§§ | |
| Avrage four segment SL (%) | − 15.76 (3.12) | − 15.53 (3.56) | − 17.80 (3.82)†† | − 20.92 (3.31) | *** | ||||||
| Avrage SL septal wall (%) | − 15.49 (3.66) | − 16.44 (3.61) | − 18.06 (3.13)†† | − 20.29 (3.34) | *** | ||||||
| Avrage SL lateral wall (%) | − 16.02 (4.44) | − 14.61 (5.22) | − 17.55 (6.07)†† | − 21.55 (5.03) | *** | ||||||
| Sphericity Index | 1.85 (0.17)† | 1.74 (0.16) | 1.63 (0.16) | 1.67 (0.17) | ** | – | |||||
| RV | DL septum (mm) | 2.74 (0.94)†† | 0.155 (0.14–0.20) | 3.6 (0.93) | 0.125 (0.035) | 6.09 (0.90)† | 0.182 (0.032) | 6.71 (0.89) | 0.181 (0.024) | ***/§§§ | ***/§§§ |
| VL septum systole (cm/s) | 2.40 (2.0–2.8)† | 0.156 (0.11–0.17) | 2.82 (0.62) | 0.098 (0.022) | 4.49 (0.83) | 0.134 (0.026) | 4.82 (0.69) | 0.130 (0.020) | ***/§§§ | ***/§§§ | |
| VL septum diastole (cm/s) | − 2.88 (1.03) | − 0.117 (− 0.14 to 0.09) | − 3.35 (− 4.32 to 2.60) | − 0.125 (0.050) | − 6.05 (1.25)†† | − 0.171 (− 0.20 to 0.15) | − 7.25 (1.44) | − 0.195 (0.039) | ***/§§§ | ***/§§§ | |
| DL free wall (mm) | 3.97 (1.76)†† | 0.161 (0.061) | 5.5 (1.73) | 0.192 (0.064) | 6.56 (2.35) | 0.198 (0.076) | 6.65 (2.5) | 0.175 (0.074) | ** | - | |
| VL free wall systole (cm/s) | 3.39 (1.31)† | 0.140 (0.051) | 4.35 (3.20–5.12) | 0.151 (0.052) | 5.75 (1.69) | 0.172 (0.055) | 6.05 (1.98) | 0.159 (0.061) | ***/§§ | ** | |
| VL free wall diastole (cm/s) | − 4.11 (1.95)† | − 0.168 (0.073) | − 5.23 (1.73) | − 0.176 (− 0.24 to 0.12) | − 7.23 (2.23) | − 0.218 (0.075) | − 8.05 (2.98) | − 0.211 (0.089) | ***/§ | *** | |
Devereaux Formula for LV Mass (g) = 0.8{1.04[([LVEDD + IVSd + PWd]3 − LVEDD3)]} + 0.6
Relative wall thickness (RWT) = 2 × PWd/LVEDD
Left ventricular mass index = LV mass/BSA
LV sphericity index = length/diameter
BSA body surface area (Mosteller), LVEDd left ventricular end diastolic diameter), IVSd interventricular septum thickness at end diastole, LVPWd left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end diastole, LV mass left ventricular mass, LV left ventricle, RV right ventricle, DL displacement longitudinal, VL velocity longitudinal, SL strain longitudinal
†IUGR versus control, † < 0.05, †† < 0.01, ††† < 0.001
‡IUGR versus Control adj for ventricular length, ‡ < 0.05, ‡‡ < 0.01, ‡‡‡ < 0.001
*Birth versus 3–4 months, * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001
§Birth versus 3–4 months adj for ventricular length, § < 0.05, §§ < 0.01, §§§ < 0.001