Table 2.

Anti-inflammatory drugs showing pharmacological potential in TBI

Sr. No	Drugs (Animal Models)	Dose	Outcomes of the study	References
1	Dexamethasone (Weight drop)	1 mg/kg, (i.p.) administered in rats after 5 min of injury	At days 1 and 2, but not at days 4 and 6, the expression of endothelial-monocyte activating polypeptide II, P2X4 receptor and allograft-inflammatory factor-1suppressed	Zhang et al. (2007)
2	Ibuprofen (Fluid percussion injury)	60 mg/kg, (i.p.) administered in mice after 5 min of injury	Cognitive function improved in NSS and rota rode at 24 h and 1 day of injury	Harrison et al. (2014)
3	Roficoxib (Fluid percussion injury)	10 mg/kg, (i.p.)administered in rats after 5 min of injury	Neuroprotective effect observed at 12–72 h of injury in hippocampus region of brain	Kunz et al. (2022)
4	Nimesulide (Weight drop)	6 mg/kg, (i.p.) administered in mice after 10 min of injury	Cognitive and motor function improved at 24 h after injury	Cernak et al. (2002)
5	Celecoxib (Controlled cortical impact)	50 mg/ kg, (p.o.) administered prior to injury in mice	IL-1 was inhibited, whereas the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was unchanged	Dash et al. (2000)
6	Carprofen (Weight drop)	5 mg/kg, (sc.) administered immediately after injury in mice	Inhibition of microglial activation, improvement in neurological function, induces cell proliferation and gliogenesis after TBI	Thau-Zuchman et al. (2012)
7	Meloxicam (Weight drop)	2 mg/kg, (i.p.) administered in rats after 30 min of injury	↓Brain oedema and lipid peroxidation	Hakan et al. (2010)
8	Etanercept (Fluid percussion injury)	5 mg/kg, (i.p.) administered in rats immediately after injury	↑Motor and neurological function, ↓ IL-6 and IL-1β level after 3 days of injury and ↓ TNF-α at both 3 and 7 days post-injury	Chi et al. (2013)
9	3,6′-dithiothalidomide (Weight drop)	28 mg/kg, (i.p.) administered in mice before 1 h of injury	Inhibit TNF-α synthesis and ↑cognitive function	Baratz et al. (2011)
10	Anakinra (Controlled cortical impact)	100 mg/kg, (i.p.) administered in rats after 2 h of injury	Decreases endogenous IL-1rn gene expression only for 24 h, with no impact following 72 h and 7 day	Anderson et al. (2013)
11	Etazolate (Weight drop)	10 mg/kg (i.p.) administered in mice after 2 h of injury	↓ Microglia, IL-1β, oedema and NSS	Siopi et al. (2013)
12	Salsalate (Controlled cortical impact)	50 mg/kg (i.p.) injected in mice after 30 min of injury and once daily for five consecutive days	↓ Activation of NF-κB, ↓ nitrite secretion by microglia and ↑cognitive function, expression of genes linked with neurogenesis and neuroprotection	Lagraoui et al. (2017)