Table 3.
Anti-inflammatory herbal drugs showing pharmacological potential in TBI
| Sr. No | Plant (phytoconstituent/extract) | Dose/Model | Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Actaea racemosa(Formononetin) |
10 and 30 mg/kg Weight drop |
↑ IL-10, ↓ IL-6 and TNF-α | Baez-Jurado et al. (2017) |
| 2 | Artemisia annua (Atesunate) |
30 mg/kg Controlled cortical impact |
↓ Inflammation, level of TNF-α, IL-1β, VEGF, BDNF, GDNF and iNOS | Gugliandolo et al. (2018) |
| 3 | Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Polyphenol E) |
10 mg/kg Controlled cortical impact |
↓ NF-κB, IL-6, IL-1, NCAM, Nrf2 and GFAP expressions | Yulug et al. (2018) |
| 4 | Crocus sativus (Crocin) |
20 mg/kg Controlled cortical impact |
↓ Activation of microglia, cell apoptosis, TNF-α and IL-1β | Wang et al. (2015) |
| 5 | Panax ginseng(Aqueous extract) |
50, 100, and 200 mg/kg Weight drop |
↓ Expression of TNF-α, MDA, AChE, nitrite and ↑ IL-6,SOD, GSH | Kumar et al. (2013) |
| 6 |
Malva sylvestris (Methanolic extract) |
250 and 500 mg/kg Controlled cortical impact |
↓ Neuronal loss, synthesis of ROS, expression of TNF-α,IL-6, IL-1β, and LPO ↑ SOD |
Qin et al. (2017) |
| 7 | Salvia tomentosa (Luteolin) |
20 mg/kg Controlled cortical impact |
↓TNF-α and IL-1β | Sawmiller et al. (2014) |
| 8 | Dracaena cochinchinensis(Aqueous extract) |
40 and 80 mg/kg Weight drop |
↓MDA, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and cell apoptosis | Hu et al. (2018) |
| 9 | Rosmarinus officinalis (Aqueous extract) |
40, 80, and 160 mg/mL Lateral fluid percussion |
↓ ROS generation, GFAP-positive cells, level of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 | Gohil et al. (2010) |
| 10 | Curcuma longa (Curcumin) |
75, 150, and 300 mg/kg Controlled cortical impact |
↓ Cerebral oedema, level of AQP4 and IL-1β, activation of NF-κB ↑ neurological function |
Momtazi et al. (2016) |
| 11 | Curcuma zedoaria (β-Elemene) |
100 mg/kg Weight drop |
↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, TLR-4, cell apoptosis ↑ neurological severity score |
Samini et al. (2013) |
| 12 | Drynaria fortune (Aqueous extract) |
20 mg/kg Controlled cortical impact |
inhibited microglial/macrophage activation, ↓brain lesion volume and IL-6 ↑ IL-10, neurological severity score and cognitive function |
Vosough-Ghanbari et al. (2010) |
| 13 | Salvia miltiorrhiza (Salvianolic acid) |
25 mg/kg Controlled cortical impact |
↓ TNF-α and IL-1β ↑ IL-10, TGF-β1 and neurological function |
Singh et al. (2013) |
| 14 | Satureja khuzistanica (essential oil) |
50, 100, and 200 mg/kg Weight drop |
↓BBB permeability, intracranial pressure, neuronal cell death, level of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 ↑ numbers of viable astrocyte and IL-10 level |
Meng et al. (2018) |
| 15 | Scutellaria baicalensis (Baicalein) |
30 mg/kg Controlled cortical impact |
↓ degenerating neuronal count, TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β expressions ↑ neurological functions |
Wang et al. (2015) |
| 16 | Cnidium monnieri (Osthole) |
10–40 mg/kg Weight drop |
↓ inflammatory mediators, hippocampal neuron loss, cerebral oedema and ↑ neurological function, SOD, MDA, GSH Bcl-2/Bax and active caspase-3 level |
He et al. (2012) |