Table 4.

Anti-inflammatory drugs under clinical phases for TBI management

Sr. No	Drug	Type of study	Proposed mechanism	Status
1	Erythropoietin	Erythropoietin long term effect observed in patients which suffered from moderate to severe injury	Showed anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and anti-oedematous properties due to stimulation of JAK/STAT pathway	Phase III NCT03061565
2	Rosuvastatin	After TBI, rosuvastatin effects studied on cytokines	Modulates TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 to change the immune response following brain injury	Phase II completed NCT00990028
3	Progesterone	Progesterone for Treatment of TBI III (ProTECT)	Neuronal loss and cerebral oedema reduced, remyelination is improved, functional recovery is improved after progesterone infusion	Terminated at Phase III NCT00822900
4	Methylprednisolone	Infusion of Methylprednisolone for 24 or 48 h vs. Tirilazad for acute spinal cord injury	Suppress NF-kB activation and TNF-α expression	Phase III completed NCT00004759
5	Minocycline	Minocycline’s safety and efficacy in the treatment of TBI	IL-1β and Microglial activation reduced	Ongoing phase 1/II NCT01058395
6	N-acetyl cysteine	The safety and potential therapeutic efficacy in mild blast traumatic brain injury patients	Reduces neurological symptoms	Phase II NCT02791975
7	Anakinra	Study for moderate to severe TBI patients	Decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines for first 48 h of injury	Phase II NCT02997371