Table 3.
Median levels of the adducts (pmol/g Hb) as well as minimum and maximum values in brackets in erythrocyte samples of human study participants of the current study in comparison to data from previous studies
| Adducta | Source | Adduct level, this study pmol/g Hb |
Adduct levels, other studies pmol/g Hb |
Ref | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-smokers | Smokers | Non-smoker | n | Smokers | n | |||
| AA-Val | Acrylamide | 25.9 (16.4–41.9) | 69.0 (22.0–770) | 39.6 (14.7–92.4) | 30 | 137 (32.1–371) | 30 | [29]b,c |
| GA-Val | Glycidamide | 12.2 (9.6–18.5) | 44.2 (12.0–378) | 34.1 (11.2–96.6) | 30 | 96.1 (25.4–247) | 30 | [29]b,c |
| DHP-Val | Glycidol | 4.7 (2.2–4.7) | 8.6 (5.8–23.5) | 6.2 (1.4–16) | 42 | [34]c | ||
| 4.0 (3.2–5.1) | 11 | [10] | ||||||
| 10.3 (6.3–14.0) | 6 | 23.4 (18.1–31.4) | 6 | [35] | ||||
| FFA-Val | Furfuryl alcohol | 11.5 (8.9–14.0) | 10.5 (7.5–15.6) | 14.1 (8.2–26.3) | 59 | 17 (11.2–21.4) | 13 | [27] |
| IES-Val | Estragole | 0.032 (0.02–0.058) | 0.017 (< LOQ–0.034) | 0.016 (0.012–0.047) | 14 | – | [18] | |
| Bn-Val | Benzyl chloride | 0.22 (0.06–0.37) | 0.09 (0.05–0.14) | – | – | |||
| Ko-Val | 1-Octen-3-one | 2.52 (2.17–2.84) | 2.48 (1.7–3.01) | 62 ± 15 (44–91)d | 12 | [22] | ||
| Kp-Val | 1-Penten-3-one | 4.21 (3.49–4.62) | 4.15 (3.59–5.11) | 43 ± 14 (26–68)e | 6 | 38 ± 10 (25–53)e | 6 | [21] |
aThe adducts may not be formed exclusively from the depicted precursors, e.g., IES-Val is formed from estragole and trans-anethole, and Bn-Val, although discussed primarily in relation to benzyl chloride exposure, may also be formed from benzyl bromide or benzaldehyde
bFrom the multitude of data on AA-Val and GA-Val, we selected an exemplary study with German participants
cThe data was reported in pmol/g globin
dAdduct levels were estimated using a calibration curve with peak area ratios of AA-Val-FTH/AA-d7-Val-FTH. There was no significant difference between the adduct levels in blood samples from non-smoker and smokers (each n = 6)
eValues were reported as mean ± SD