Table 1.
Characteristics of participants according to allergic sensitization trajectory.
| Total (n = 997) | No/low sensitization (n = 594) | Early food and mite sensitization (n = 162) | P | Late mite sensitization (n = 241) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics, n (%) | ||||||
| Sex | 0.008a | 0.042a | ||||
| Male | 523 (52.5) | 289 (48.7) | 98 (60.5) | 136 (56.4) | ||
| Female | 474 (47.5) | 305 (51.4) | 64 (39.5) | 105 (43.6) | ||
| Ethnicity | 0.002a | 0.001a | ||||
| Chinese | 565 (56.7) | 317 (53.4) | 100 (61.7) | 148 (61.7) | ||
| Malay | 248 (24.9) | 139 (23.4) | 45 (27.8) | 64 (26.7) | ||
| Indian | 183 (18.4) | 138 (23.2) | 17 (10.5) | 28 (11.7) | ||
| Maternal education level | 0.244 | 0.119 | ||||
| Secondary school education or less | 293 (29.7) | 187 (31.9) | 43 (27.0) | 63 (26.4) | ||
| Post-secondary and higher | 692 (70.3) | 400 (68.1) | 116 (73.0) | 176 (73.6) | ||
| Family history of allergy | 482 (54.1) | 265 (49.9) | 84 (59.2) | 0.050a | 133 (61.0) | 0.006a |
| Maternal plasma Vitamin D3 | 0.476 | 0.264 | ||||
| Deficient | 117 (13.7) | 74 (14.6) | 19 (13.8) | 24 (11.6) | ||
| Insufficient | 230 (27.0) | 145 (28.6) | 33 (23.9) | 52 (25.1) | ||
| Sufficient | 505 (59.3) | 288 (56.8) | 86 (62.3) | 131 (63.3) | ||
| Maternal age in yearsb | 31 (5) | 31 (5) | 32 (5) | 0.334 | 32 (5) | 0.119 |
| Parity | 0.920 | 0.671 | ||||
| 0 | 448 (44.9) | 270 (45.5) | 76 (46.9) | 102 (42.3) | ||
| 1 | 334 (33.5) | 195 (32.8) | 53 (32.7) | 86 (35.7) | ||
| ≥2 | 215 (21.6) | 129 (21.7) | 33 (20.4) | 53 (22.0) | ||
| Gestational age in weeksb | 38.8 (1.5) | 38.8 (1.5) | 38.8 (1.6) | 0.742 | 38.8 (1.3) | 0.450 |
| Environmental factors, n (%) | ||||||
| Tobacco exposure during pregnancy | 355 (37.5) | 205 (36.6) | 57 (36.8) | 0.970 | 93 (39.9) | 0.381 |
| Mode of delivery | 0.213 | 0.505 | ||||
| Vaginal delivery | 693 (69.6) | 405 (68.2) | 118 (73.3) | 170 (70.5) | ||
| Cesarean section | 303 (30.4) | 189 (31.8) | 43 (26.7) | 71 (29.5) | ||
| Breastfeeding | 0.001a | 0.095 | ||||
| Mainly breastfeeding | 116 (12.3) | 72 (12.8) | 13 (8.8) | 31 (13.3) | ||
| Mixed feeding | 425 (44.9) | 227 (40.3) | 86 (58.1) | 112 (47.9) | ||
| Mainly formula feeding | 405 (42.8) | 265 (47.0) | 49 (33.1) | 91 (38.9) | ||
| Eczema in early life by 6 months | 76 (8.8) | 29 (5.7) | 27 (19.6) | <0.001a | 20 (9.2) | 0.082 |
| Cat ownership by 1 year | 31 (3.9) | 19 (4.2) | 5 (3.9) | 0.874 | 7 (3.5) | 0.682 |
| Dog ownership by 1 year | 59 (7.5) | 40 (8.8) | 2 (1.5) | 0.003a | 17 (8.5) | 0.889 |
| Childcare attendance by 1 year | 70 (12.8) | 30 (9.7) | 19 (20.7) | 0.005a | 21 (14.6) | 0.123 |
a
p value that was significant after using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure with a proposed false discovery rate of 5%.
b
Data presented as mean (SD)