Table 2.
Conventional echocardiographic parameters.
| LVEF < 0.40 (N = 32) | LVEF ≥ 0.40 and < 0.50 (N = 10) | LVEF ≥ 0.50 (N = 30) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aorta (mm) | 31.4 ± 3.4 | 34.1 ± 4.1 | 32.3 ± 3.2 | 0.09 |
| Left atrium (mm) | 43.7 ± 7.4 | 40.7 ± 6.8 | 37.4 ± 5.0 | 0.001 |
| Left atrium volume indexed (ml/m2) | 49.5 ± 15.9 | 40.4 ± 11.2 | 30.6 ± 7.6 | < 0.001 |
| RA area (cm2) | 18.9 ± 7.4 | 15.5 ± 2.5 | 15.3 ± 2.7 | 0.02 |
| RA volume (cm3) | 58.2 ± 39.0 | 42.2 ± 10.1 | 38.1 ± 12.0 | 0.01 |
| RV basal diameter (mm) | 37.3 ± 8.5 | 32.4 ± 5.5 | 32.5 ± 4.9 | 0.01 |
| RV mid-level diameter (mm) | 30.0 ± 7.4 | 25.8 ± 5.1 | 26.7 ± 4.4 | 0.04 |
| LVDD (mm) | 66.2 ± 7.2 | 59.7 ± 4.2 | 49.3 ± 4.2 | < 0.001 |
| LVSD (mm) | 59.2 ± 8.1 | 49.2 ± 4.5 | 33.3 ± 5.2 | < 0.001 |
| RWT | 0.24 ± 0.04 | 0.27 ± 0.03 | 0.34 ± 0.04 | < 0.001 |
| Myocardial ass index (g/m2) | 134.9 ± 32.3 | 113.2 ± 18.3 | 85.4 ± 15.3 | < 0.001 |
| LVDVi (ml/m2) | 117.4 ± 40.4 | 85.4 ± 22.1 | 55.0 ± 16.4 | < 0.001 |
| LVSVi (ml/m2) | 82.7 ± 32.7 | 47.2 ± 14.1 | 21.2 ± 7.4 | < 0.001 |
| LVEF (Simpson method) | 0.31 ± 0.06 | 0.45 ± 0.03 | 0.62 ± 0.05 | < 0.001 |
| TAPSE | 14.7 ± 3.1 | 18.0 ± 4.1 | 18.4 ± 2.8 | < 0.001 |
| RV S´ wave | 9.3 ± 2.2 | 10.2 ± 2.9 | 12.2 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 |
| FAC | 0.42 ± 0.15 | 0.52 ± 0.07 | 0.51 ± 0.08 | 0.004 |
| Diastolic function | ||||
| Normal | N = 0 | N = 3 (30%) | N = 16 (53%) | < 0.001 |
| Grade I | N = 8 (25%) | N = 6 (60%) | N = 14 (47%) | |
| Grade II | N = 10 (31%) | N = 1 (10%) | N = 0 | |
| Grade III | N = 6 (19%) | N = 0 | N = 0 | |
| Grade IV | N = 7 (22%) | N = 0 | N = 0 | |
| Indeterminate | N = 1 (3%) | N = 0 | N = 0 | |
| Septal e´ velocity (cm/s) | 4.9 ± 1.9 | 6.0 ± 2.4 | 7.9 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 |
| Lateral e´velocity (cm/s) | 5.0 ± 2.3 | 8.0 ± 2.9 | 9.8 ± 3.2 | < 0.001 |
| Average E/e´ | 19.7 ± 12.4 | 10.2 ± 4.2 | 7.9 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 |
| Mitral regurgitation | ||||
| Absent | N = 5 (16%) | N = 2 (20%) | N = 23(77%) | < 0.001 |
| Mild | N = 11 (34%) | N = 4 (40%) | N = 7 (23%) | |
| Moderate | N = 7 (22%) | N = 3 (30%) | N = 0 | |
| Severe | N = 9 (28%) | N = 1 (10%) | N = 0 | |
| Aorticregurgitation | ||||
| Absent | N = 26 (81%) | N = 7 (70%) | N = 26 | 0.28 |
| Mild | N = 6 (19%) | N = 3 (30%) | N = 2 | |
| Moderate | N = 0 | N = 0 | N = 0 | |
| Severe | N = 0 | N = 0 | N = 0 | |
| Tricuspidregurgitation | ||||
| Absent | N = 25 (78%) | N = 10 (100%) | N = 24 (86%) | 0.06 |
| Mild | N = 2 (6%) | N = 0 | N = 4 (14%) | |
| Moderate | N = 1 (3%) | N = 0 | N = 0 | |
| Severe | N = 4 (13%) | N = 0 | N = 0 | |
| PASP (mmHg) | 51.4 ± 14.4 | NA | 27.5 ± 7.5 | 0.02 |
| TR peak velocity (m/s) | 3.36 ± 0.40 | NA | 2.36 ± 0.28 | 0.03 |
| Diffuse hypokinesis | N = 25 (78%) | N = 3 (30%) | N = 0 | 0.02 |
| Inferior and lateral inferior walls akinesis | N = 3 (9%) | N = 3 (30%) | N = 2 (7%) | |
| Lateral inferior wall akinesis | N = 1 (3%) | N = 0 | N = 0 | |
| Apical akinesis | N = 2 (6%) | N = 2 (20%) | N = 0 | |
| Apical aneurysm | N = 1 (3%) | N = 2 (20%) | N = 0 | |
| Apical thrombus | N = 1 (3%) | N = 0 | N = 0 | 0.36 |
| Pericardial effusion | ||||
| Absent | N = 30 (94%) | N = 9 (90%) | N = 27 (95%) | 0.67 |
| Mild | N = 2 (6%) | N = 1 (10%) | N = 1 (5%) | |
Significant values are in bold.
*LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction, SD Standard deviation, RA right atrium, RV right ventricle, LVDD Left ventricle diastolic diameter, LVSD Left ventricle systolic diameter, RWT relative wall thickness, LVDVi Left ventricle diastolic volume indexed, LVSDVi Left ventricle systolic volume indexed, TAPSE Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, FAC Right ventricle fractional area change, PASP Pulmonary artery systolic pressure, RT Tricuspid regurgitation.