Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients and controls
| Parkinson’s disease | Controls | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N missing | No dementia N = 104 |
Dementia N = 97 |
All N = 201 |
N missing | No dementia N = 214 |
Dementia N = 46 |
All N = 260 |
|
| Mean age at baseline (SD) | 0 | 70.4 (12.0) | 75.0 (7.5) | 72.6 (10.3) | 0 | 74.6 (9.8) | 79.3 (5.4) | 75.4 (9.3) |
| Male sex | 0 | 67 (64%) | 56 (58%) | 123 (61%) | 0 | 136 (64%) | 22 (48%) | 160 (62%) |
| DepCat 1–3 | 0 | 61 (59%) | 67 (69%) | 128 (64%) | 0 | 117 (55%) | 25 (54%) | 142 (55%) |
| History of vascular disease or diabetes | 0 | 35 (34%) | 31 (32%) | 66 (33%) | 0 | 66 (31%) | 15 (33%) | 81 (31%) |
| Median years of education (IQR) | 4 | 11 (11–15) | 11 (10–14) | 11 (10–14) | 40 | 11 (10–13) | 11 (10–13) | 11 (10–13) |
| Median motor UPDRS (part III) (IQR) | 0 | 22 (14–33) | 26 (19–32) | 22 (14–33) | 16 | 2 (0–4) | 4 (2–7) | 2 (0–5) |
|
Median GDS-15 (IQR) |
38 | 3 (2–6) | 3 (2–5) | 3 (2–6) | 19 | 1 (0–2) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (0–3) |
|
Median MMSE (IQR) |
15 | 29 (28–30) | 28 (27–29) | 29 (28–30) | 18 | 29 (28–30) | 28 (27–29) | 29 (28–30) |
| Median MMP (IQR) | 38 | 30 (28–31) | 28 (26–30) | 29 (27–30) | 17 | 30 (28–31) | 29 (27–30) | 30 (28–31) |
| Subjective cognitive symptoms | 0 | 13 (13) | 25 (26) | 38 (19) | 15 | 12 (6) | 11 (27) | 23 (9) |
| Median NART score (IQR) | 76 | 33 (28–40) | 34 (25–40) | 33 (27–40) | 75 | 35 (28–41) | 32 (24–39) | 35 (27–40) |
| Dream enactment symptoms | 0 | 10 (10) | 23 (25) | 33 (16) | 15 | 12 (6) | 2 (5) | 14 (6) |
| Smoking | 1 | 0 | ||||||
| Current | 40 (38) | 39 (41) | 79 (40) | 99 (46) | 31 (67) | 130 (50) | ||
| Ex | 7 (7) | 5 (5) | 12 (6) | 24 (11) | 3 (7) | 27 (10) | ||
| Never | 57 (55) | 52 (54) | 109 (55) | 91 (43) | 12 (26) | 103 (40) | ||
| Mean BMI (SD) | 25 | 25.9 (4.3) | 26.2 (3.8) | 26.0 (4.1) | 26 | 27.9 (4.7) | 26.2 (3.8) | 27.6 (4.6) |
| ApoE ε4 carrier | 56a | 20 (27) | 26 (37) | 46 (32) | 260 | NA | NA | NA |
| Any GBA variant | 58b | 6 (8) | 10 (14) | 16 (11) | 260 | NA | NA | NA |
| MAPT H1/H1 | 56a | 52 (69) | 48 (69) | 100 (69) | 260 | NA | NA | NA |
ApoE apolipoprotein E, BMI body mass index, DepCat deprivation category based on Carstairs index (1–3 is better socioeconomic status), GBA glucocerebrosidase, GDS-15 geriatric depression Scale-15 item, HR hazards ratio, IQR inter-quartile range, MAPT microtubule-associated protein tau, MMSE mini-mental state examination, MMP mini-mental Parkinson’s, NA not available, NART national adult reading test, SD standard deviation, UPDRS unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale
a47 patients did not give consent for genetic testing, 9 had no sample or failed DNA extraction
b47 patients did not give consent for genetic testing, 9 had no sample or failed DNA extraction, and 2 failed GBA assay