Table 2.
Main results of the included studies.
| Author, year | Study population | Specific population assessed | Setting | Diagnostic criteria, Scale |
Prevalence, N of the OCPD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Torgersen et al. (2001) | N: 2053 Female/Male (F/M): 0.556 Continent: Europe Mean age: 18-65 |
N: 2053 F/M: 0.556 |
Community | DSM III-R/SCID-II | 2.00% 39 |
| Jackson and Burgess (2000) | N: 10641 F/M: 0.557 Continent: Oceania Mean age: ≥ 18 |
N: 10641 F/M: 0.557 |
Community | CID-10/IPDE | 3.09% 329 |
| Lenzenweger et al. (2007) | N: 5692 F/M: - Continent: North America Mean age: ≥ 18 |
N: 214 F/M: - |
Community | DSM-IV/IPDE | 2.40% 5 |
| Coid et al. (2006) | N: 626 F/M: 0.567 Continent: Europe Mean age: 16 - 74 |
N: 626 F/M: 0.567 |
Community | DSM-IV/SCID-II | 1.90% 13 |
| Samuels et al. (2002) | N: 742 F/M: 0.63 Continent: North America Mean age: 34 - 94 |
N: 742 F/M: 0.63 |
Community | DSM-IV and CID 10/IPDE | DSM-IV: UP = 1,2 (0.4), WP = 0,9 (0,5)/CID-10: UP = 1,1 (0.4), WP = 0,8 (0,4) DSM-IV N = 9/CID-10 N = 8 |
| Mike et al. (2017) | N: 1630 F/M: 0.55 Continent: North America Mean age: 59,53 ± 2,7 |
N: 1630 F/M: 0.55 |
Community | DSM-5/SIDP | 2.90% 47 |
| Chamberlain et al. (2017) | N: 1323 F/M: 0.616 Continent: North America/Africa Mean age: 28.5(13.0) |
N: 1323 F/M: 0.616 |
Community | DSM-5/OPQ | 71.50% 946 |
| Jalenques et al. (2017) | N: 178 F/M: 0.786 Continent: Europe |
N - Healthy Comparison Subjects (HCS): 118 Mean age: 46 ± 13.9 F/M: 0.788 |
Community | DSM-IV/PDQ-4+ | 6% 7 |
| N - Lupus patients: 60 Mean age: 47,5 ± 14 F/M: 0.783 |
Ambulatory | DSM-IV/PDQ-4+ | 13% 8 |
||
| Gawda and Czubak (2017) | N: 1460 F/M: 0.52 Continent: Europe Mean age: 18 - 65 |
N: 1460 F/M: 0.52 |
Community | DSM-IV/SCID-II | 9.66% 141 |
| Ansari and Fadardi (2016) | N: 110 F/M: - Continent: Asia Mean age: 29.55 |
N: 110 F/M: - |
Students | DSM-IV/SCID-II | 16.36% 18 |
| Nicoletti et al. (2016) | N: 65 F/M: 0.446 Continent: Europe |
N - HCS: 20 Mean age: 65,5 ± 6,0 F/M: 0.5 |
Community | DSM-IV/SCID-II and SCID-II-PQ | 10% 2 |
| N - Patients with Multiple Systems Atrophy: 15 Mean age: 62,9 ± 7,6 F/M: 0.466 |
Ambulatory | DSM-IV/SCID-II and SCID-II-PQ | 13.3% 2 |
||
| N - Patients with Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: 14 Mean age: 69,8 ± 4,4 F/M: 0.428 |
Ambulatory | DSM-IV/SCID-II and SCID-II-PQ | 35.7% 5 |
||
| Quirk et al. (2017) | N: 768 F/M: 1 Continent: Oceania Mean age: > 25 |
N - Essential Tremor Patients: 16 Mean age: 70,4 ± 6,4 F/M: 0.375 |
Ambulatory | DSM-IV/SCID-II and SCID-II-PQ | 12.5% 2 |
| Kayhan and Ilik (2016) | N: 205 F/M: 0.502 Continent: Europe |
N: 768 F/M: 1 |
Community | DSM-IV/SCID-II and SCID-II-PQ | 10.30% 77 |
| N - HCS: 100 Mean age: 31.18 ± 8.98 F/M: 0.5 |
Community | DSM III-R/SCID-II | 8% 8 |
||
| Black et al. (2015) | N: 579 F/M: - Continent: North America |
N - Chronic migraine patients: 105 Mean age: 35.63 ± 11.61 F/M: 0.505 |
Ambulatory | DSM III-R/SCID-II | 50.50% 53 |
| N - HCS: 91 Mean age: 49 ± 16 F/M: 0.63 |
Community | DSM-IV/SIDP | 3% 3 |
||
| N - Patients diagnosed with pathological gambling: 93 Mean age: 49,9 ± 14 F/M: 0.55 |
Ambulatory | DSM-IV/SIDP | 10% 9 |
||
| Yılmaz et al. (2014) | N: 187 F/M: 0.732 Continent: Europe |
N - 1st degree relatives of patients diagnosed with pathological gambling: 395 Mean age: ≥ 18 F/M: 0.63 |
Community? | DSM-IV/- | - - |
| N - HCS: 90 Mean age: 44,1 ± 12,1 F/M: 0.7 |
Community | DSM-III-R SCID-II |
6.60% 6 |
||
| Dereboy et al. (2014) | N: 774 F/M: 0.59 Continent: Europe Mean age: 18-75 |
N - Asthmatic patients: 97 Mean age: 42.7 ± 11.7 F/M: 0.763 |
Ambulatory | DSM-III-R SCID-II |
11.34% 11 |
| Sahingöz et al. (2013) | N: 146 F/M: 1 Continent: Europe |
N: 774 F/M: 0.59 |
Community | DSM-IV/CID-10 DIP-Q/TCI |
DSM-IV = 14,1% CID-10 = 18,1% DSM-IV = 107 CID-10 = 137 |
| N - HCS: 73 Mean age: 24.59 ± 4.71 F/M: 1 |
Community | DSM-IV/SCID-II | 1.40% 1 |
||
| Uguz et al. (2013) | N: 105 F/M: 0.914 Continent: Europe |
N - Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patient: 73 Mean age: 23.82 ± 4.99 F/M: 1 |
Ambulatory | DSM-IV/SCID-II | 8.20% 6 |
| N - HCS: 60 Mean age: 38.68 ± 7.54 F/M: 0.960 |
Community | DSM-III/SCID-II | 1.70% 1 |
||
| Kempke et al. (2013) | N: 276 F/M: 1 Continent: Europe |
N - Lupus patients: 45 Mean age: 39.24 ± 9.91 F/M: 0.933 |
Ambulatory | DSM-III/SCID-II | 20.00% 9 |
| Samuel and Widiger (2011) | N: 536 F/M: 0.627 Continent: North America Mean age: 18.8 |
N - HCS: 92 Mean age: 42.4 ± 8.0 F/M: 1 |
Community | DSM-IV/ADP-IV | 7.60% 7 |
| Moore et al. (2012) | N: 1121 F/M: 0.444 Continent: Oceania |
N - Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: 92 Mean age: 42.5 ± 8.2 F/M: 1 |
Ambulatory | DSM-IV/ADP-IV | 8.70% 8 |
| N - General psychiatric patients: 92 Mean age: 42.6 ± 8.2 F/M: 1 |
Ambulatory | DSM-IV/ADP-IV | 25% 23 |
||
| Coolidge et al. (2011) | N: 1569 F/M: 0.693 Continent: North America |
N: 536 F/M: 0.627 |
Students | DSM-IV/PDQ-4+ and SCID-II PQ | 50.40% 270 |
| N - HCS: 572 Mean age: 41.8 F/M: 0.554 |
Community | CID-10/IPDEQ | 20.80% 120 |
||
| N - Schizophrenic/schizoaffective patients: 549 Mean age: 39.5 F/M: 0.329 |
Ambulatory | CID-10/IPDEQ | 35.60% 195 |
||
| Sassoon et al. (2011) | N: 59 F/M: 1 Continent: North America |
N - Women not incarcerated: 523 Mean age: 32.6, SD = 19.5 F/M: 1 |
Community | DSM-IV/CCI | 43% 225 |
| N - Incarcerated men: 523 Mean age: 33.6, SD = 9.6 F/M: 0 |
Prison | DSM-IV/CCI | 21% 110 |
||
| Cheng et al. (2010) | N: 7675 F/M: 0.57 Continent: Asia Mean age: ≥ 18 |
N - Incarcerated women: 523 Mean age: 35.0, SD = 8.7 F/M: 1 |
Prison | DSM-IV/CCI | 25% 131 |
| Crawford et al. (2005) | N: 1360 F/M: - Continent: North America Mean age: - |
N - HCS: 26 Mean age: 28.9 ± 7.2 F/M: 1 |
Community | DSM-IV/SCID-II | 0% 0 |
| Moldin et al. (1994) | N: 302 F/M: 0.473 Continent: North America Mean age: 18 - 77 |
N - Women with severe pre-mental disorder: 33 Mean age: 30.6 ± 6.9 F/M: 1 |
Ambulatory | DSM-IV/SCID-II | 18% 6 |
| Maier et al. (1992) | N: 452 F/M: 0.515 Continent: Europe Mean age: 38.1 |
N: 357 F/M: 0.57 |
Students | CID-10/PDQ-4+ and IPDE | 21.84% 78 |
| Black et al. (1993) | N: 65 F/M: 0.60 Continent: North America |
N – AGE 33: 644 F/M: 0.53 Mean age: 33,1 (27,7–40,1) |
Community | DSM-IV/CIC-SR and SCID-II | CIC-SR = 1,4% e SCID II = 4,7% CIC-SR = 9/SCID II = 30 |
| N: 302 F/M: 0.473 |
Community | DSM-III/IPDE | 1.65% 5 |
||
| Aycicegi-Dinn et al. (2009) | N: 117 F/M: 0.683 Continent: North America Mean age: 18.51 (SD = 0.9) |
N: 452 F/M: 0.515 |
Community | DSM-III/SCID-II | 2.20% 10 |
| Echeburúa et al. (2007) | N: 381 F/M: 0.417 Continent: Europe |
N - HCS: 33 Mean age: 38,1 (DP = 10,0) F/M: 0.601 |
Community | DSM-III/SCID-II | 6.10% 2 |
| N - OCD patients: 32 Mean age: 38,3 (DP = 10,0) F/M: 0.594 |
Ambulatory | DSM-III/SCID-II | 28.10% 9 |
||
| N: 117 F/M: 0.683 |
Students | DSM-IV/PDQ-4+ | 17.94% 21 |
||
| N - HCS: 103 Mean age: 40.73 (24–64) F/M: 0.466 |
Community | DSM-IV/IPDE and MCMI-II | 1.9% 2 |
||
| Yang et al. (2007) | N: 1014 F/M: 0.401 Continent: Europe |
N - Alcohol-dependent patients: 158 Mean age: 43.42 (19–65) F/M: 0.348 |
Ambulatory | DSM-IV/IPDE and MCMI-II | 12% 19 |
| N - Psychiatric patients without alcohol dependence: 120 Mean age: 40.58 (18–65) F/M: 0.467 |
Ambulatory | DSM-IV/IPDE and MCMI-II | 9.20% 11 |
||
| Torres et al. (2006) | N: 8399 F/M: - Continent: Europe |
N - HCS: 544 Mean age: 42.4(11,9) F/M: 0.562 |
Community | DSM-IV/SCID-II | 1.80% 10 |
| N - Incarcerated: 470 Mean age: 29,5(9,2) F/M: 0.215 |
Prison | DSM-IV/SCID-II | 9.40% 44 |
||
| N - HCS: 6938 Mean age: 16 - 74 F/M: - |
Community | DSM-IV/SCID-II | 8.10% 562 |
||
| Larsson and Hellzén (2004) | N: 29 F/M: 1 Continent: Europe |
N - OCD patients: 108 Mean age: 16 - 74 F/M: - |
Ambulatory | DSM-IV/SCID-II | 28.60% 31 |
| N - Patients with other neuroses: 1353 Mean age: 16 - 74 F/M: - |
Ambulatory | DSM-IV/SCID-II | 20.30% 275 |
||
| Anderluh et al. (2003) | N: 100 F/M: 1 Continent: Europe |
N - HCS: 10 Mean age: 24.6 F/M: 1 |
Community | DSM-IV/DIP-Q | 10% 1 |
| N - Women with Eating Disorders: 19 Mean age: 26.1 F/M: 1 |
Ambulatory | DSM-IV/DIP-Q | 63.15% 12 |
||
| N - HCS: 28 Mean age: 25.1 F/M: 1 |
Community | CID-10/MOCI | 4% 1 |
||
| Sinha and Watson (2001) | N: 293 F/M: 0.662 Continent: North America Mean age: 21 (SD = 5.5) |
N - Subjects With Anorexia Nervosa: 44 Mean age: 27.9 F/M: 1 |
Ambulatory | CID-10/MOCI | 61% 27 |
| N - Subjects With Bulimia Nervosa: 28 Mean age: 26.7 F/M: 1 |
Ambulatory | CID-10/MOCI | 46% 13 |
||
| Maggini et al. (2000) | N: 2889 F/M: 0.489 Continent: Europe Mean age: 17 ± 0.4 |
N: 293 F/M: 0.662 |
Students | DSM-III-R/CATI and MCMI-II and MMPI-PD | Women: MCMI-II:0,51%/MMPI-PD:0,51%/CATI:0,51%/Men: MCMI-II:0%/MMPI-PD:2,02%/CATI:6,06% Women: MCMI-II:1/MMPI-PD:0/CATI:1/Men: MCMI-II:0/MMPI-PD:2/CATI:6 |
| N: 2889 F/M: 0.489 |
Students | DSM-III/SCID-II | 30.50% 880 |
||
| Moran et al. (2000) | N: 303 F/M: 0.660 Continent: Europe Mean age: 41.8 (range 18 ± 74) |
N: 303 F/M: 0.660 |
Ambulatory | CID-10 and DSM-IV/SAP and IPDE | CID-10 = 7,9%/DSM IV = 6,3% CID-10 = 24/DSM-IV = 19 |
| Bodlund et al. (1998) | N: 587 F/M: 0.453 Continent: Europe |
N - HCS: 139 Mean age: 28.0 (SD = 8.1) F/M: 0.690 |
Community | DSM-IV/DIP-Q | 9% 13 |
| N - General psychiatric patients: 137 Mean age: 37.3 (SD = 12.0) F/M: 0.580 |
Ambulatory | DSM-IV/DIP-Q | 38% 52 |
||
| N - Forensic psychiatric sample: 217 Mean age: 35.5 (SD = 10.3) F/M: 0.070 |
Forensic Psychiatric Unit | DSM-IV/DIP-Q | 41% 90 |
||
| N - Sample of candidates for psychotherapy: 94 Mean age: 34.2 (SD = 8.1) F/M: 0.810 |
Ambulatory | DSM-IV/DIP-Q | 62% 58 |
||
| Ames and Molinari (1994) | N: 200 F/M: 0.500 Continent: Europe Mean age: 72.1 |
N: 200 F/M: 0.500 |
Community | DSM-III/SIDP-R | 0.50% 1 |
| Samuels et al. (1994) | N: 762 F/M: 0.652 Continent: North America Mean age: 18 - 64 |
N: 762 F/M: 0.652 |
Community | DSM-III/SPE | 1.70% 8 |
| Moran et al. (2006) | N: 2032 F/M: 0.510 Continent: Oceania Mean age: 24.1 |
N: 1943 F/M: 0.510 |
Community | CID-10/SAP | 5.80% 113 |
| Grant et al. (2004) | N: 43093 F/M: - Continent: North America Mean age: ≥ 18 |
N: 43093 F/M: - |
Community | DSM-IV/AUDADIS-IV | 7.90% 3261 |
| Wongpakaran (2005) | N: 99 F/M: 0.495 Continent: Asia Mean age: 22.56 (range 21–25; SD = 1.53) |
N: 99 F/M: 0.495 |
Students | CID-10/IPDE | 2% 2 |
| Ha et al. (2007) | N: 585 F/M: 0 Continent: Asia Mean age: 19,06 ± 0,26 |
N: 585 F/M: 0 |
Community | DSM-IV/PDQ-4+ | 39.80% 233 |
| Kulkarni et al. (2013) | N: 200 F/M: 0.480 Continent: Asia |
N - HCS: 100 Mean age: 27.7 ± 8.58 F/M: 0.480 |
Community | CID-10/IPDE | 4% 4 |
| Ekselius et al. (2001) | N: 557 F/M: 0.549 Continent: Europe Mean age: females 41.9 (SD 14.3)/males 43.2 (SD 13.8) |
N - Patients after first Suicide Attempt: 100 Mean age: 27.31 ± 8.68 F/M: 0.480 |
Hospital | CID-10/IPDE | 11% 11 |
| N: 557 F/M: 0.549 |
Community | CID-10 and DSM-IV/DIP-Q | DSM-IV = 7,7%/ICD-10 = 7,2% DSM-IV = 43/ICD-10 = 40 |
Note. (∗) PD scale abbreviations are shown in Table 4. Additionally, the font size was reduced to fit the page.