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. 2022 Jul 5;13:891762. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.891762

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

Antioxidant and anti-myotube atrophy effects of 50% ethanolic extract of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.) leaves (RC). DPPH (A) and ABTS (B) inhibitory activities of RC. Data are shown as mean values ±SD. ∗∗p < 0.05, ∗∗∗p < 0.001 versus control. Effect of RC on cell viability (C) DEX-induced myotube atrophy (D), myotube diameter (E), MHC isoform expression (F), atrophy- or myogenesis-related genes (G), protein synthesis (H), protein synthesis-related signaling (I), proteasome activity (J), intracellular ROS accumulation (K), and fluorescence intensity of DCF-DA (L) was measured. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) (M) and mitochondrial respiration (N) were examined by Seahorse XF24 analyzer. OCR was normalized to cell number. Data are shown as mean values ±SD. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001 versus DEX.