Table 2.

Clinical studies on the role of CCR5 in HAND.

Methods	Main Findings	Author & Date
Measured MAP2 concentrations in human CSF, and immune-reactivity in rat cortical neurons exposed to gp120	Persons living with HIV (PLH) who had HAND had greater CSF MAP2 concentrations than cognitive normal PLH. The neurotoxic effect of HIV was blocked by a CCR5 antagonist	Avdoshina et al., 2020
HIV infected individuals with below-normal cognitive performance were assessed after 24 weeks of treatment	Patients with cenicriviroc treatment showed improved neuropsychological test performance	D'Antoni et al., 2018
Addition of maraviroc to DRV/r monotherapy for 24 weeks and neurocognitive function was measured	HIV-infected patients with maraviroc and DRV/r monotherapy had improvement in executive function but with no global neurocognitive effect	Barber et al., 2018
Intensification of cART with maraviroc. Performance was assessed before or at 6 and 12 months after the treatment	Patients treated with maraviroc and cART showed improved global neurocognitive performance	Gates et al., 2016
Intensification of cART with maraviroc. Performance was assessed before or at 24 weeks after the treatment	Patients who entered the study with evidence of mild to moderate cognitive impairment showed improvement in neuropsychological performance	Ndhlovu et al., 2014
DAPTA (CCR5 antagonist) versus placebo prior to combination antiretroviral therapy with HIV-1 seropositive participants having cognitive impairment	No overall cognitive effect was observed, but subgroups with greater cognitive impairment at baseline showed significant improvement	Goodkin et al. (2006)

∗cART: combined antiretroviral therapy, CSF: cerebrospinal fluid, DAPTA: D-Ala1-peptide T-amide, DRV/r: darunvair/ritonavir, HAND: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, LTP: long-term potentiation, MAP2: microtubule-associated protein 2.