TABLE 1.
Characteristics of participants enrolled in the study from the NHANES (2005 to 2018).
| Characteristic | Low-DII (DII < 1.23, N = 5,478) |
High-DII (DII ≥ 1.23, N = 5,478) |
P-value |
| Age (y) | 69.9 ± 7.0 | 70.0 ± 7.0 | 0.587 |
| Male sex | 3080 (56.2) | 2413 (44.0) | <0.001 |
| Race | <0.001 | ||
| Hispanic | 3353 (61.2) | 3183 (58.1) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 707 (12.9) | 682 (12.4) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 928 (16.9) | 1288 (23.5) | |
| Other | 490 (8.9) | 325 (5.9) | |
| Education beyond high school | 4100 (74.8) | 3603 (65.8) | <0.001 |
| Marital status | <0.001 | ||
| Never married | 253 (4.6) | 282 (5.1) | |
| Married or living with partner | 3405 (62.2) | 3006 (54.9) | |
| Divorced, separated, or widowed | 1820 (33.2) | 2190 (40.0) | |
| Ratio of family income to poverty level | <0.001 | ||
| <1.0 | 1229 (22.4) | 1490 (27.2) | |
| 1.0∼2.9 | 2200 (40.2) | 2523 (46.1) | |
| ≥3 | 2049 (37.4) | 1465 (26.7) | |
| Health insurance coverage | 5099 (93.1) | 4987 (91.0) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | <0.001 | ||
| <25 | 1517 (27.7) | 1322 (24.1) | |
| 25∼29 | 2004 (36.6) | 1938 (35.4) | |
| ≥30 | 1957 (35.7) | 2218 (40.5) | |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 75.0 ± 18.4 | 74.5 ± 19.0 | 0.120 |
| ALT (U/L) | 23.0 ± 16.1 | 21.6 ± 13.7 | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 25.4 ± 12.0 | 24.9 ± 12.0 | 0.038 |
| HbA1c | 6.0 ± 1.1 | 6.1 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol user | 3250 (59.3) | 2643 (48.2) | <0.001 |
| Smoker | 2811 (51.3) | 2830 (51.7) | 0.716 |
| Hypertension | 3769 (68.8) | 4061 (74.1) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 1150 (21.0) | 1049 (19.1) | 0.016 |
| Diabetes | 1756 (32.1) | 1987 (36.3) | <0.001 |
| Suicidal ideation | 166 (3.0) | 205 (3.7) | 0.039 |
| Depressed | 367 (6.7) | 487 (8.9) | <0.001 |
All values are displayed as n (%). χ2 analysis is used to test significance between groups for categorical variables. BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycosylated Hemoglobin, type A1C; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase.