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. 2022 Jan 7;6(4):151–160. doi: 10.1515/iss-2021-0019

Table 1:

Long-term morbidity of important visceral pediatric surgical conditions.

Esophageal atresia [9] Anorectal malformations and Hirschsprung’s disease [24] Short bowel syndrome [37, 38] Biliary atresia and congenital choledochal malformation [46, 49, 63, 64] Congenital diaphragmatic hernia [52, 53, 65]
  • –

    Dysphagia/dysmotility (21–84%)

  • –

    Anastomotic stricture (40%)

  • –

    Respiratory symptoms/tracheomalacia (30–69%)

  • –

    Gastroesophageal reflux disease (46–76%)

  • –

    Scoliosis (50% after open repair)
  • –

    Constipation (22–87%)

  • –

    Stool incontinence/soiling (17–77%)

  • –

    Urine incontinence (7–22%)

  • –

    Sexual dysfunction (50%)
  • –

    Failure to thrive (53–72%)

  • –

    Catheter related complications (0.41–1.5 episodes of infection/patient/year)

  • –

    PN-associated liver disease (22–63%)

  • BA:

  • –

    Portal hypertension (54–62%)

  • –

    Recurring cholangitis (66–79%)

  • –

    Terminal liver failure and liver transplantation (51–77%)

  • CM:

  • –

    Risk of malignancy (6–30%)
  • –

    Pulmonary impairment (25–50%)

  • –

    Neurocognitive delay (40–57%)

  • –

    Impaired cardiac function (25–45%)

  • –

    Gastrointestinal symptoms (20–72%)

  • –

    Musculosceletal sequelae (5–10%)

PN, parenteral nutrition; BA, biliary atresia; CM, choledochal malformation.