Table 4. Predictors for children’s problematic behavior and parent’s depression by Generalized Estimating Equation.

Variables		Predictors (2020)	B	SE	95% Wald CI	P value
Children’s variables (2021)
	Sleep Problem Score (CSHQ)	Sex: male	−0.292	0.220	−0.724, 0.140	0.185
		Main caregiver: mother	−0.231	0.343	0.904, 0.442	0.501
		Income level = 1	−0.514	0.377	−1.254, 0.226	0.173
		Income level = 2	−0.170	0.332	−0.820, 0.481	0.609
		Income level = 3	0.360	0.320	−0.267, 0.987	0.260
		Psychiatric treatment	0.262	0.268	−0.263, 0.787	0.328
	Problematic Behavior Score (BPI)	Sex: male	−0.210	−0.803	−1.784, 1.364	0.794
		Main caregiver: mother	−1.286	1.251	−3.738, 1.167	0.304
		Income level = 1	5.624	1.378	2.927, 8.320	< 0.001***
		Income level = 2	5.023	1.210	2.652, 7.394	< 0.001***
		Income level = 3	0.500	1.166	−1.786, 2.785	0.668
		Psychiatric treatment	7.579	0.976	5.666, 9.492	< 0.001***
Parent’s variables (2021)
	Parent Depression Score (PHQ-9)	Sex: male	−0.839	0.551	−1.918, 0.240	0.128
		Main caregiver: mother	−0.461	0.858	−2.142, 1.220	0.591
		Income level = 1	3.476	0.943	1.628, 5.325	< 0.001***
		Income level = 2	1.807	0.829	0.181, 3.432	0.029*
		Income level = 3	0.291	0.800	−1.276, 1.858	0.716
		Psychiatric treatment	3.138	0.669	1.827, 4.450	< 0.001***

CI = confidence interval, CSHQ = Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire, BPI = Behavior Problem Index, PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9.

^*significant at P < 0.05, ^***significant at P < 0.001.

Income level: 1 = less than $1,700; 2 = between $1,700–$3,400; 3 = between $3,400–$5,000; 4 = more than $5,000 per month.