Table 2.
List of select pig host genes detected in ASFV-infected pigs. Genes were selected based on function and mean fold change for three dose groups. The highest expressed fold change value between medium and high dose groups was recorded
| Gene | log2 Fold Change | adjusted p-value | Gene Product | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genes linked with monocyte macrophages | |||||
| CD163 | − 1.85 | 1.76E-02 | CD163 antigen | A hemoglobin-specific receptor is found on the cell surface of macrophages involved in iron recycling and inflammatory response. | [52, 53] |
| RGS16 | 4.18 | 9.93E-19 | Regulator of G Protein Signaling 16 | Restricts pro-inflammatory response of monocytes | [54] |
| HOX-1 | −2.13 | 2.06E-05 | Heme oxygenase-1 | Pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory effects | [55, 56] |
| S100A8 | 7.03 | 3.01E-09 | Calcyclin | Binds CD68 | [57] |
| CSF3R | 2.11 | 1.29E-02 | Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) | Involved in proliferation and differentiation of granulocytes | [58] |
| TSP-1 | 3.25 | 6.58E-04 | Thrombospondin 1 | Inhibits angiogenesis, regulates antitumor immunity and regulates extracellular proteases and growth factors. | [59] |
| NK/T cell-associated genes | |||||
| IFIT2 | 1.87 | 2.62E-04 | Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 | IFN-induced antiviral protein which inhibits expression of viral messenger RNAs that lack 2′-O-methylation of the 5′ cap | [60] |
| IFITM3 | 3.05 | 2.80E-09 | interferon induced transmembrane protein 3 | Engages and shuttles the virus particles to lysosomes for clearance from the cells | [61] |
| Genes associated with ASFV infection | |||||
| PPP1R15A | 2.59 | 7.49E-05 | GADD34 | Guides dephosphorylation of eIF2a by PP1 | [62] |
| SPIC | − 6.87 | 2.02E-09 | Spi-C Transcription Factor | Restrains inflammation and iron metabolism in macrophages | [63] |
| NUPR1 | 5.73 | 6.21E-15 | Nuclear protein 1 | Suppresses programmed cell death by apoptosis and programmed necrosis | [64] |
| Genes associated with lymphocytes (B, T cells and NK cells) | |||||
| CD244 | −5.01 | 8.73E-03 | CD244 molecule | Involved in NK cell stimulation and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity | [65] |
| CYFIP2 | − 3.05 | 1.06E-12 | Cytoplasmic FMR1 interacting protein 2 | Involved in T-cell adhesion and p53/TP53-dependent induction of apoptosis | [66] |
| IL-6 | 5.67 | 1.50E-26 | Interleukin 6 | Promotes virus survival and exacerbation of clinical disease | [67] |
| Other genes | |||||
| DRAM2 | −2.39 | 9.44E-06 | Damage-regulated autophagy modulator 2 | Oncogenic regulator: promotes cell metastasis and proliferation in cancer cells | [50] |
| SOGA1 | 1.41 | 1.47E-03 | Suppressor of glucose, autophagy associated 1 | Implicated in autophagy | [51, 68] |
| TIMP1 | 5.27 | 2.17E-12 | Tissue inhibitor matrix metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 | Promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis of colon cancer and is a potential prognostic indicator for colon cancer | [69] |
| LTF | 5.68 | 3.39E-08 | Lactotransferrin | Sequestering iron and antimicrobial activity | [70] |
| CHP2 | − 5.85 | 7.17E-05 | Calcineurin like EF-hand protein 2 | Regulates cell pH by controlling plasma membrane-type Na+/H+ exchange activity; involved in carcinoma progression | [71, 72] |
| FOSL1 | 7.55 | 2.94E-11 | FOS like 1, AP-1 transcription factor subunit | Regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and transformation | [73] |
| FOXF1 | 2.37 | 3.23E-04 | Forkhead box F1 | FOXF1 transcription factor promotes lung regeneration | [74] |
| PG-4 | 7.11 | 2.84E-07 | Protegrin-4 | Antimicrobial peptide | [75] |
| PGES-1 | 4.22 | 1.02E-04 | Prostaglandin E synthase | Plays a crucial role in inflammation by converting prostaglandin (PG) H2 to PGE2 | [76] |