Table 2.

Estimated coefficients from logistic regressions

Independent variables	Before the pandemic (regular wave 8)				During the pandemic (SHARE Corona Survey 1)
	Do you feel lonely?				Do you feel lonely?				Have felt lonelier than before the pandemic?
	(M1)	(M2)	(M3)	(M4)	(M1)	(M2)	(M3)	(M4)	(M1)	(M2)	(M3)	(M4)
Childless	0.57***		0.28***	0.43***	0.51***		0.20***	0.21***	0.17***		0.00	-0.09
	(0.04)		(0.04)	(0.06)	(0.03)		(0.04)	(0.06)	(0.05)		(0.05)	(0.08)
Unpartnered		0.97***	0.93***	0.96***		0.94***	0.91***	0.91***		0.52***	0.52***	0.51***
		(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.03)		(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)		(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Childless * Unpartnered				-0.27***				-0.01				0.15
				(0.08)				(0.07)				(0.10)
Female	0.43***	0.26***	0.27***	0.26***	0.60***	0.42***	0.43***	0.43***	0.64***	0.54***	0.54***	0.54***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Age (Ref.: 50–59)
Age 60–69	0.03	-0.02	-0.01	-0.01	0.05	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.04	0.01	0.01	0.02
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
Age 70–79	0.15***	0.05	0.06	0.06	0.22***	0.13***	0.14***	0.14***	0.15**	0.10	0.10	0.10
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.04)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
age 80–89	0.59***	0.36***	0.38***	0.38***	0.63***	0.42***	0.44***	0.44***	0.43***	0.30***	0.30***	0.30***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)
age 90 +	0.96***	0.59***	0.60***	0.60***	0.80***	0.44***	0.45***	0.45***	0.39***	0.17*	0.17*	0.17*
	(0.08)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)
Education (Ref.: low)
Medium education	− 0.18***	− 0.15***	− 0.15***	− 0.15***	− 0.11***	− 0.09***	− 0.10***	− 0.10***	0.03	0.04	0.04	0.04
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
High education	− 0.33***	− 0.27***	− 0.27***	− 0.27***	− 0.25***	− 0.20***	− 0.20***	− 0.20***	− 0.06	− 0.03	− 0.03	− 0.03
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Work status (Ref.: retired)
working	− 0.20***	− 0.23***	− 0.23***	− 0.23***	− 0.22***	− 0.23***	− 0.23***	− 0.23***	− 0.25***	− 0.26***	− 0.26***	− 0.26***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
Other	0.22***	0.22***	0.22***	0.22***	0.15***	0.16***	0.17***	0.17***	− 0.02	− 0.01	− 0.01	− 0.01
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Illness	0.09***	0.08***	0.08***	0.08***	0.20***	0.19***	0.19***	0.19***	0.21***	0.21***	0.21***	0.21***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
GALI	0.56***	0.57***	0.56***	0.56***	0.43***	0.43***	0.43***	0.43***	0.34***	0.33***	0.33***	0.33***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Constant	− 1.11***	− 1.07***	− 1.11***	− 1.11***	− 1.15***	− 1.11***	− 1.14***	− 1.14***	− 2.14***	− 2.13***	− 2.13***	− 2.13***
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)
n	44,329	44,329	44,329	44,329	53,820	53,820	53,820	53,820	53,820	53,820	53,820	53,820

Unweighted estimates. This table includes full results from logistic regression models, except coefficients for country dummy variables. The four considered models are all fully adjusted for control variables and incrementally add explanatory variables: childlessness (Model 1, M1), unpartnered (Model 2, M2), both (Model 3, M3), both variables and their interaction (Model 4, M4). Standard errors in parentheses. *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01