Table 2.
COVID-19 vaccine acceptance or hesitancy
| References | Sample description | Sample size | Acceptance rate, % | Factors associated with/reasons for hesitancy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anjorin et al. [16] | General adult population | 5212 | 63 | Age, gender, employment status, income level, region of residence were associated with vaccine hesitancy |
| Davis et al. [17] | General adult population | 425 | Not reported | Perceived social norms, perceived positive consequences, perceived negative consequences, perceived risk of getting COVID-19, perceived severity of COVID-19, trust in COVID-19 vaccines, expected access to vaccines, perceived divine will, and perceived safety of COVID-19 vaccines |
| Kanyanda et al. [18] | General adult population | 11,895 | 64.5–97.9 | Concerns around safety and vaccine side-effects |
| Chukwuocha et al. [19] | General adult population | 14 | Not applicable | Rapid development of the vaccines, long term vaccine safety, conspiracies around vaccine development, effect of vaccines on groups like pregnant women and children, the fact that other important concerns like malaria and hunger have not received the same attention were some concerns that were raised |
| Chinawa et al. [20] | Mothers presenting at two hospitals | 577 | 6.9 | Respondents who believed they could be infected with the COVID-19 and those who were aware of someone who had died from COVID-19 were more likely to receive the COVID-19 vaccine |
| Asmare et al. [21] | General adult population | 1080 | 64.9 | Being female and low educational level were associated with vaccine hesitancy |
| Ayele et al. [22] | Healthcare workers | 422 | 45.3 | Being male, having a higher risk of COVID-19 and having a positive attitude were associated with vaccine acceptance |
| Gbeasor-Komlanvi et al. [23] | Healthcare workers | 1115 | 44.1 | Female gender was associated with hesitancy |
| Kassaw et al. [24] | Healthcare workers | 250 | Not reported | Men, younger age, being single, working in COVID-19 treatment centre were associated with demand for the vaccine |
| McAbee et al. [25] | General adult population | 551 | 55.7 | Concern about vaccine safety was associated with intention to vaccinate. Also being male and a higher level of education were associated with higher odds of vaccination |
| Nzaji et al. [26] | Healthcare workers | 613 | 27.7 | Being a male healthcare worker was associated with willingness to take the vaccine |
| Sahile [27] | College students | 407 | 39.8 | Being male, living with children or elderly were associated with vaccine acceptance |
| Tlale et al. [28] | General population | 5300 | 73.4 | Males, those with comorbidities and those with primary education compared to those with post graduate education were more likely to accept the vaccine |
| Abebe et al. [29] | General adult population | 492 | 62.6 | Higher education, older age, and having a chronic disease were associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance |
| Adejumo et al. [30] | Healthcare workers | 1470 | 55.5 | Predictors of willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine included having a positive perception of the vaccine, perceiving a risk of contracting COVID-19, having received tertiary education, and being a clinical health worker |
| Adeniyi et al. [31] | Healthcare workers | 1308 | 90.1 | Lower educational attainment (primary and secondary education) and those with prior vaccine refusal were less likely to accept the vaccine |
| Hailemariam et al. [32] | Pregnant women | 423 | 31.3 | Having higher education, residing in urban areas and compliance with COVID-19 guidelines were associated with vaccine acceptance |
| Handebo et al. [33] | School teachers | 301 | Not reported | Religion, educational status and perceived susceptibility and benefits |
| Oyekale [34] | General population | 10,702 | 80.6 | Older age and higher educational level were associated with vaccine acceptance |
| Wiysonge et al. [35] | Healthcare workers | 395 | 59 | Lack of trust in the effectiveness of the vaccine and younger age were associated with vaccine hesitancy. Physicians were more likely to accept the vaccine compared to administrative support staff |
| Adebisi et al. [36] | General population | 517 | 74 | Not being aged 16–30, being from the regional North, perceived unreliability of clinical trials, belief that the immune system is enough to combat COVID-19, safety concerns were associated with hesitancy |
| Agyekum et al. [37] | Healthcare workers | 2234 | 39.3 | Safety concerns were associated with hesitancy |
| Ahmed et al. [38] | General population | 4543 | 76.8 | Being a female was associated with hesitancy |
| Ditekemena et al. [39] | Adult population | 4131 | 55.9 | Being a healthcare worker was associated with decreased willingness for vaccination |
| Dinga et al. [40] | General adult population | 2512 | Vaccine hesitancy prevalence = 84.6 | Distrust of the pharmaceutical industry, antivaccine messages from social media platforms, vaccine safety, distrust for the West were associated with vaccine hesitancy |
| Bongomin et al. [41] | Patients and non-patients | 317 | 70.1 | Vaccine safety and efficacy were the most common reasons for hesitancy |
| Botwe et al. [42] | Healthcare workers | 108 | 59.3 | The main reasons for vaccine hesitancy included not being convinced about its effectiveness, efficiency, and side effects, perceived lack of adequate research evidence to back the potency were associated with vaccine hesitancy |
| Carcelen et al. [43] | Adult caregivers of children | Caregivers of 2400 children. Number of caregivers not specified | 66 | Perceptions about vaccine safety and efficacy were the strongest predictors of vaccine acceptance, for both adult and child vaccination |
| Iliyasu et al. [44] | Healthcare workers | 284 | 24.3 | Distrust, inadequate information, fear of side effects and safety concerns were associate with vaccine hesitancy |
| Illiyasu et al. [45] | General adult population | 446 | 51.1 | Doubts about existence of COVID, age, risk perception, vaccine safety, efficacy and mistrust for authorities |
| Khalis et al. [46] | Health science students | 1272 | 26.9 | Perceived vaccine safety and effectiveness |
| Mohammed et al. [47] | Healthcare workers | 614 | Vaccine hesitancy = 60.3 | Lack of trust in the government, safety and effectiveness concerns |
| Orangi et al. [48] | General adult population | 4136 | Vaccine hesitancy = 36.5 | Safety and effectiveness concerns, living in rural regions, religious and cultural reasons |
| Shiferie et al. [49] | Healthcare workers | 20 | Not applicable | Vaccine safety, vaccine efficacy, personal belief, and lack of trust were associated with vaccine hesitancy |
| Tibbels et al. [50] | General population | 156 | Not applicable | Perceived side effects of the vaccine, safety concerns and access |
| Uzochukwu et al. [51] | University staff and students | 349 | 34.7 | Efficacy concern, safety concern, and disbelief over the existence of COVID-19 in Nigeria |
| Yassin et al. [52] | Healthcare workers | 400 | 63.8 | Safety and side effect concerns were associated with vaccine hesitancy |
| Zewude et al. [53] | Teachers and bank employees | 319 | 46.1 | Concerns over safety and side effects of the vaccine, doubt about effectiveness and lack of adequate information were associated with vaccine hesitancy |
| Mustapha et al. [54] | University students | 440 | 40 | Older age, trust in government and vaccine affordability were associated with acceptance |
| Mose et al. [61] | University students | 420 | 58.8 | Younger age and being female, residing in rural area were associated with vaccine hesitancy |
| Kanyike et al. [63] | Medical students | 600 | 37.3 | Factors associated with acceptance were being male and being single |
| Acheampong et al. [80] | General adult population | 2345 | 51 | Older age (above 55 years), high school (secondary) degree, regions who had the highest case rates had a higher share of the population willing to be vaccinated |
| Adane et al. [81] | Healthcare workers | 404 | 64 | Fear of the vaccine worsening any pre-existing medical conditions and the vaccine causing COVID-19 infections was associated with hesitancy |
| Addo et al. [82] | General adult population | 1768 | Not reported | Fear of getting COVID-19 and fear of susceptibility is significantly associated with being more likely to get vaccinated |
| Adedeji-Adenola et al. [83] | General adult population | 1058 | 80.9 | Hesitancy was due to anxiety around the short period of COVID-19 production, not having a prior diagnosis of COVID-19, not being affiliated with any religion |
| Admasu et al. [84] | Cancer patients at public hospital | 422 | Not reported | Younger age, females, cancer patients having information about COVID-19 vaccine, COVID-19 infection experience, longer duration with cancer, and fear about the likelihood of dying if infected by COVID-19 were significantly associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance |
| Aemro et al. [85] | Healthcare workers | 440 | Vaccine hesitancy = 45.9 | Younger age, non-compliance with physical distancing, unclear information by public health authorities, low risk of getting COVID-19, and doubts about the tolerability of the vaccine were associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy |
| Alle et al. [86] | Healthcare workers | 327 | 42.3 | Not reported |
| Amuzie et al. [87] | Healthcare workers | 422 | Vaccine hesitancy = 50.5 | Younger age, being single, low-income and occupation were associated with vaccine hesitancy |
| Angelo et al. [88] | Healthcare workers | 423 | 48.4 | Professional types, history of chronic illness, perceived degree of risk to COVID-19 infection, attitude toward COVID-19 and preventive practices were associated with vaccine hesitancy |
| Berihun et al. [89] | Patients | 416 | 59.4 | Having health insurance, knowing anyone diagnosed with COVID-19, and attitude towards the COVID-19 vaccine were significantly associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance |
| Burger et al. [90] | General adult population | 11,491 | 70.8 and 76.1 | Younger age was associated with vaccine hesitancy. Those living in formal residential housing and those who reported trust in social media as a source of COVID-19 information were significantly more likely to be hesitant |
| Carpio et al. [91] | General adult population | 963 | 95.7 | The main reason cited was lack of trust in them |
| Dubik [92] | Teachers | 420 | 49 (before roll out), 63 (after roll out), and 11 (actual uptake) | lack of confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine, perception of not being susceptible to COVID-19 and feeling uncomfortable getting the vaccine |
| Dula et al. [93] | General adult population | 1878 | 71.4 | Fear of side effects and belief that the vaccine is not effective |
| Eze et al. [94] | General adult population | 358 | 66.2 | Being male, identifying as Christian, Hausa ethnicity, and living in northern Nigeria were significantly associated with willingness to get vaccinated |
| Josiah et al. [95] | General adult population | 401 | 48.6 | Gender, religious affiliation, education, employment status and income were associated with vaccine hesitancy |
| Mekonnen et al. [96] | Adults with chronic medical condition | 423 | 63.8 | Having health insurance, being in a high socio-demographic status and good knowledge of COVID-19 were associated with intent to get vaccinated |
| Katoto et al. [97] | General adult population | 1193 | 68 | Side effects concerns, lack of access to online vaccine registration platform, distrust of government, belief in conspiracy theories |
| Kollamparambil et al. [98] | General adult population | 5629 | 70.8 | Non-Black population compared to Blacks were more likely to be vaccine hesitant |
| Lamptey et al. [99] | General adult population | 1000 | 54.1 | Being married, salary worker and high-risk perception had higher odds of accepting the vaccine |
| Mesele et al. [100] | General adult population | 415 | 45.5 | Males and those with higher education were more likely to accept the vaccine than females |
| Mose et al. [101] | Pregnant women | 396 | 70.7 | Maternal age, educational status and knowledge and practice of COVID-19 preventive measures |
| Oyekale [102] | General population | 2178 | 92.3 | Vaccine safety concern |
| Reuben [103] | General population | 589 | 29 | Not reported |
| Seboka et al. [104] | General population | 1160 | 46.6 | Perceived susceptibility to the virus and perceived benefits of the vaccine were associated with acceptance of the vaccine |
| Shitu, et al. [105] | School teachers | 301 | 40.8 | Not reported |
| Taye et al. [106] | University students | 423 | 69.3 | Being a health science student was associated with vaccine acceptance |
| Taye et al. [107] | Pregnant and postnatal women | 527 | 62.04 | Living in urban centre was associated with willingness to accept compared to living in rural areas |
| Twum et al. [108] | General population | 478 | 83 | Christians were more likely to receive the vaccine than Muslims |
| Yeboah et al. [109] | General population | 1560 | 35.3 | Not reported |