Table 1.
Hygienic venipuncture of medical students pre- and post-SARS-CoV-2 in Germany during 2019–2021 (N = 726)
| All | Before SARS-CoV-2 | After SARS-CoV-2 | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants | (N = 726) | (N = 355) | (N = 371) | |
| Winter semester | 382 (52.6) | 191 (53.8) | 191 (48.5) | |
| Summer semester | 344 (47.4) | 164 (46.2) | 180 (51.5) | |
| Scores for other Stations | ||||
| Mean relative OSCE score | 64.88 ± 8.18 | 62.53 ± 8.47 | 67.13 ± 7.22 | < .001 |
| Mean relative score in venipuncture | 72.25 ± 16.79 | 71.87 ± 15.85 | 74.36 ± 17.4 | < .001 |
| Doctor-patient communication | ||||
| The patient is not informed about the procedure | 146 (20.1) | 50 (14.1) | 96 (25.9) | < .001 |
| The patient is informed about the procedure | 580 (79.9) | 305 (85.9) | 275 (74.1) | |
| Preparation of the material | ||||
| More than one material or the sharp-safe is missing | 211 (29.1) | 85 (23.9) | 126 (34) | .691 |
| At least one material is missing | 138 (19) | 94 (26.5) | 44 (11.9) | |
| Complete and correct preparation of the material | 377 (51.9) | 176 (49.6) | 201 (54.2) | |
| Hygienic hand disinfection and medical gloves prior to patient contact | ||||
| Neither hygienic hand disinfection nor medical gloves | 16 (2.2) | 13 (3.7) | 3 (0.8) | < .001 |
| Medical gloves without prior hand disinfection | 61 (8.4) | 45 (12.7) | 16 (4.3) | |
| Hand disinfection and medical gloves | 649 (89.4) | 297 (83.7) | 352 (94.9) | |
| Tourniquet usage | ||||
| The tourniquet is not applied or disposed of correctly | 67 (9.2) | 51 (14.4) | 16 (4.3) | < .001 |
| The tourniquet is not applied, while the needle is pulled before disposing of the tourniquet | 230 (31.7) | 120 (33.8) | 110 (29.6) | |
| The tourniquet is applied and disposed in the correct manner | 429 (59.1) | 184 (51.8) | 245 (66) | |
| Disinfection of the puncture site | ||||
| The puncture site is not disinfected, or it is palpated after the disinfection and prior to the venipuncture | 86 (11.8) | 59 (16.6) | 27 (7.3) | < .001 |
| The puncture site is correctly disinfected | 640 (88.1) | 296 (83.4) | 344 (92.7) | |
| Exposure time of the disinfectant | ||||
| 30 seconds exposure time is not considered | 27 (3.7) | 18 (5.1) | 9 (2.4) | .06 |
| 30 seconds exposure time is considered | 699 (96.3) | 337 (94.9) | 362 (97.6) | |
| Hygienic needle | ||||
| The needle is not sterile or is curved | 112 (15.4) | 52 (14.6) | 60 (16.2) | .57 |
| The needle is sterile and not curved | 614 (84.5) | 303 (85.4) | 311 (83.9) | |
| Correct venipuncture | ||||
| The vein is not punctured | 171 (23.6) | 81 (22.8) | 90 (24.3) | .041 |
| The vein is punctured the second time | 245 (33.7) | 105 (29.6) | 140 (37.7) | |
| The vein is punctured the first time | 310 (42.7) | 169 (47.6) | 141 (38) | |
| Discarding the puncture needle | ||||
| The needle is not discarded correctly | 339 (46.7) | 174 (49) | 165 (44.5) | .177 |
| The needle is discarded immediately but not correctly | 112 (15.4) | 55 (15.5) | 57 (15.4) | |
| The needle is discarded immediately and correctly | 175 (37.9) | 126 (35.5) | 149 (40.2) | |
| Hand disinfection after discarding the medical gloves | ||||
| Hands are not disinfected after discarding the medical gloves | 445 (61.3) | 286 (80.6) | 149 (42.9) | .000 |
| Hands are disinfected after discarding the medical gloves | 281 (38.7) | 69 (19.4) | 212 (57.2) | |
| Structure in the work process | ||||
| The work process is not structured | 36 (5) | 11 (3.1) | 25 (6.7) | .024 |
| The work process is partly structured | 176 (24.2) | 80 (22.5) | 96 (25.9) | |
| The work process is structured | 514 (70.8) | 264 (74.4) | 250 (67.4) | |
Counts are described by their frequency and percentage. Continuous variables are described by their mean and standard deviation
Statistic differences between pre- and post-SARS-CoV-2 was tested using the Mann-Whitney-U test