Table 1.
Characteristics of the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS): nutrition participants at baseline, by breakfast consumption status and between-meal consumption status
| Characteristics | Breakfast consumption |
P | Between-meal consumption |
P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 1597) | Yes (n = 11,731) | No (n = 1301) | Yes (n = 12,027) | |||
| Age, y | 33 (22, 48) | 49 (31, 66) | < 0.001 | 52 (31, 70) | 47 (29, 63) | < 0.001 |
| Sex | < 0.001 | 0.321 | ||||
| Male | 836 (52.4) | 4974 (42.4) | 584 (44.9) | 5226 (43.5) | ||
| Female | 761 (47.7) | 6757 (57.6) | 717 (55.1) | 6801 (56.6) | ||
| Immigrant to Canada | 186 (11.7) | 1871 (16.0) | < 0.001 | 226 (17.4) | 1831 (15.2) | 0.024 |
| Largest racial group (white) | < 0.001 | 0.205 | ||||
| No | 269 (16.8) | 1345 (11.5) | 175 (13.5) | 1439 (12.0) | ||
| Yes | 1327 (83.1) | 10,380 (88.5) | 1126 (86.6) | 10,581 (88.0) | ||
| Urban residence | 1247 (78.1) | 8885 (75.7) | 0.040 | 1005 (77.3) | 9127 (75.9) | 0.275 |
| Food insecure | 197 (12.3) | 778 (6.6) | < 0.001 | 99 (7.6) | 876 (7.3) | 0.884 |
| Current smoker | 730 (45.7) | 2704 (23.1) | < 0.001 | 297 (22.8) | 3137 (26.1) | 0.037 |
| Alcohol use, times per wk | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| None | 249 (15.6) | 2538 (21.6) | 371 (28.5) | 2416 (20.1) | ||
| < 1 | 703 (44.0) | 4775 (40.7) | 495 (38.1) | 4983 (41.4) | ||
| 1–3 | 505 (31.6) | 3101 (26.4) | 325 (25.0) | 3281 (27.3) | ||
| 4+ | 139 (8.7) | 1306 (11.1) | 108 (8.3) | 1337 (11.1) | ||
| Self-perceived stress | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Not at all stressful | 174 (10.9) | 1473 (12.6) | 215 (16.5) | 1432 (11.9) | ||
| Not very stressful | 332 (20.8) | 3102 (26.4) | 356 (27.4) | 3078 (25.6) | ||
| A bit stressful | 683 (42.8) | 4779 (40.7) | 498 (38.3) | 4964 (41.3) | ||
| Quite a bit stressful∗ | 329 (20.6) | 2024 (17.3) | 232 (17.8)∗ | 2543 (21.1)∗ | ||
| Extremely stressful∗ | 78 (4.9) | 344 (2.9) | ||||
| Physical activity index | < 0.001 | 0.048 | ||||
| Active | 273 (17.1) | 2331 (19.9) | 233 (17.9) | 2371 (19.7) | ||
| Moderate | 376 (23.5) | 2940 (25.1) | 303 (23.3) | 3013 (25.1) | ||
| Inactive | 946 (59.2) | 6459 (55.1) | 764 (58.7) | 6641 (55.2) | ||
| Married/common-law | 606 (38.0) | 5940 (50.6) | < 0.001 | 572 (44.0) | 5974 (49.7) | < 0.001 |
| Household income, $ | 0.014 | < 0.001 | ||||
| < 15,000 | 181 (11.3) | 1179 (10.1) | 167 (12.8) | 1193 (9.9) | ||
| 15,000–29,999 | 273 (17.1) | 2225 (19.0) | 270 (20.8) | 2228 (18.5) | ||
| 30,000–49,999 | 354 (22.2) | 2494 (21.3) | 285 (21.9) | 2563 (21.3) | ||
| 50,000–79,999 | 333 (20.9) | 2647 (22.6) | 259 (19.9) | 2721 (22.6) | ||
| ≥ 80,000 | 276 (17.3) | 2110 (18.0) | 174 (13.4) | 2212 (18.4) | ||
| Missing | 180 (11.3) | 1076 (9.2) | 146 (11.2) | 1110 (9.2) | ||
| Education | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| < Secondary school graduation | 403 (25.2) | 2840 (24.2) | 421 (32.4) | 2822 (23.5) | ||
| Secondary school graduation | 388 (24.3) | 2232 (19.0) | 252 (19.4) | 2368 (19.7) | ||
| Some postsecondary | 247 (15.5) | 1157 (9.9) | 109 (8.4) | 1295 (10.8) | ||
| Postsecondary graduation | 543 (34.0) | 5411 (46.1) | 507 (39.0) | 5447 (45.3) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.7 (22.8, 29.7) | 26.2 (23.1, 29.9) | 0.033 | 26.4 (23.1, 30.1) | 26.1 (23.1, 29.8) | 0.149 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.094 | 0.313 | ||||
| < 18.5 | 41 (2.6) | 205 (1.8) | 30 (2.3) | 216 (1.8) | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | 567 (35.5) | 4015 (34.2) | 419 (32.2) | 4163 (34.6) | ||
| 25–29.9 | 480 (30.1) | 3718 (31.7) | 412 (31.7) | 3786 (31.5) | ||
| ≥ 30 | 333 (20.9) | 2560 (21.8) | 298 (22.9) | 2595 (21.6) | ||
| Missing | 176 (11.0) | 1233 (10.5) | 142 (10.9) | 1267 (10.5) | ||
| High blood pressure | 155 (9.7) | 2290 (19.5) | < 0.001 | 270 (20.8) | 2175 (18.1) | 0.058 |
| Diabetes | 54 (3.4) | 765 (6.5) | < 0.001 | 89 (6.8) | 730 (6.1) | 0.396 |
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 1729.0 (1233.2, 2447.3) | 1846.4 (1369.9, 2462.4) | < 0.001 | 1436.3 (1032.4, 1949.6) | 1883.6 (1395.0, 2512.3) | < 0.001 |
| Eating frequency, times/d | 4 (3, 5) | 5 (4, 6) | < 0.001 | 3 (3, 3) | 5 (4, 6) | < 0.001 |
| Between-meal consumption | 1495 (93.6) | 10532 (89.8) | < 0.001 | N/A | N/A | |
| Fruits and vegetables, times/d | 2.7 (1.7, 3.9) | 3.9 (2.7, 5.3) | < 0.001 | 3.5 (2.4, 4.9) | 3.7 (2.6, 5.1) | < 0.001 |
| Consumed a sugar-sweetened beverage | 795 (49.8) | 4028 (34.3) | < 0.001 | 307 (23.6) | 4516 (37.6) | < 0.001 |
| Sodium, mg/d | 2543.1 (1629.6, 3716.2) | 2693.2 (1862.6, 3783.5) | < 0.001 | 2262.5 (1504.8, 3238.1) | 2722.2 (1877.7, 3823.5) | < 0.001 |
| Sugar, g/d | 79.0 (44.1, 129.5) | 88.2 (55.7, 133.4) | < 0.001 | 57.9 (35.1, 90.7) | 91.1 (57.4, 136.8) | < 0.001 |
| Fibre intake, g/d | 10.9 (6.9, 16.1) | 15.0 (10.3, 21.4) | < 0.001 | 11.6 (7.7, 17.0) | 14.9 (10.1, 21.3) | < 0.001 |
| Protein intake, g/d | 66.2 (42.9, 94.4) | 73.9 (52.3, 102.7) | < 0.001 | 62.4 (43.1, 92.0) | 74.0 (52.3, 102.7) | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate intake, g/d | 211.3 (141.9, 294.7) | 228.0 (167.6, 305.5) | < 0.001 | 174.3 (122.0, 234.3) | 231.7 (170.0, 311.0) | < 0.001 |
| Saturated fat intake, g/d | 18.8 (11.2, 29.8) | 20.0 (12.7, 30.2) | 0.001 | 15.5 (9.3, 24.2) | 20.3 (12.9, 30.8) | < 0.001 |
| Total fat intake, g/d | 59.7 (37.7, 92.5) | 64.3 (42.5, 93.4) | < 0.001 | 49.2 (31.8, 74.6) | 65.5 (43.4, 95.2) | < 0.001 |
Values are displayed as mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and, or n (%) for categorical variables unless otherwise indicated.
BMI, body mass index; N/A, not applicable.
∗
Quite a bit stressful and extremely stressful were combined due to low cell count.