Table 2.
Characteristics of the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS): nutrition participants at baseline, by eating frequency
| Characteristics∗ | Eating frequency, times per day |
P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ 3 (n = 2497) | 4–5 (n = 7357) | ≥ 6 (n = 3474) | ||
| Age, y | 46 (27, 64) | 48 (29, 65) | 48 (32, 61) | < 0.001 |
| Sex | < 0.001 | |||
| Male | 1186 (47.5) | 3207 (43.6) | 1417 (40.8) | |
| Female | 1311 (52.5) | 4150 (56.4) | 2057 (59.2) | |
| Immigrant to Canada | 385 (15.4) | 1083 (14.7) | 589 (17.0) | 0.019 |
| Largest racial group (white) | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 368 (14.7) | 846 (11.5) | 400 (11.5) | |
| Yes | 2129 (85.3) | 6506 (88.4) | 3072 (88.4) | |
| Urban residence | 1945 (77.9) | 5562 (75.6) | 2625 (75.6) | 0.052 |
| Food insecure | 240 (9.6) | 519 (7.1) | 216 (6.2) | < 0.001 |
| Current smoker | 725 (29.0) | 1798 (24.4) | 911 (26.2) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol use, times per wk | < 0.001 | |||
| None | 597 (23.9) | 1553 (21.1) | 637 (18.3) | |
| < 1 | 1029 (41.2) | 3030 (41.2) | 1419 (40.9) | |
| 1–3 | 664 (26.6) | 1965 (26.7) | 977 (28.1) | |
| 4+ | 204 (8.2) | 800 (10.9) | 441 (12.7) | |
| Self-perceived stress | < 0.001 | |||
| Not at all stressful | 370 (14.8) | 923 (12.6) | 354 (10.2) | |
| Not very stressful | 644 (25.8) | 1935 (26.3) | 855 (24.6) | |
| A bit stressful | 950 (38.1) | 3008 (40.9) | 1504 (43.3) | |
| Quite a bit stressful | 445 (17.8) | 1258 (17.1) | 650 (18.7) | |
| Extremely stressful | 87 (3.5) | 225 (3.1) | 110 (3.2) | |
| Physical activity index | < 0.001 | |||
| Active | 458 (18.3) | 1396 (19.0) | 750 (21.6) | |
| Moderate | 566 (22.7) | 1835 (24.9) | 915 (26.3) | |
| Inactive | 1470 (58.9) | 4126 (56.1) | 1809 (52.1) | |
| Married/common-law | 1043 (41.8) | 3623 (49.3) | 1880 (54.1) | < 0.001 |
| Household income, $ | < 0.001 | |||
| < 15,000 | 330 (13.2) | 740 (10.1) | 290 (8.4) | |
| 15,000–29,999 | 474 (19.0) | 1404 (19.1) | 620 (17.9) | |
| 30,000–49,999 | 516 (20.7) | 1565 (21.3) | 767 (22.1) | |
| 50,000–79,999 | 524 (21.0) | 1631 (22.2) | 825 (23.8) | |
| ≥ 80,000 | 366 (14.7) | 1307 (17.8) | 713 (20.5) | |
| Missing | 287 (11.5) | 710 (9.7) | 259 (7.5) | |
| Education | < 0.001 | |||
| < Secondary school graduation | 751 (30.1) | 1795 (24.4) | 697 (20.1) | |
| Secondary school graduation | 530 (21.2) | 1461 (19.9) | 629 (18.1) | |
| Some postsecondary | 264 (10.6) | 754 (10.3) | 386 (11.1) | |
| Postsecondary graduation | 927 (37.1) | 3289 (44.7) | 1738 (50.0) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.3 (23.2, 30.2) | 26.3 (23.1, 29.9) | 25.9 (23.0, 29.6) | 0.028 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.287 | |||
| < 18.5 | 53 (2.1) | 124 (1.7) | 69 (2.0) | |
| 18.5–24.9 | 824 (33.0) | 2526 (34.3) | 1232 (35.5) | |
| 25–29.9 | 774 (31.0) | 2346 (31.9) | 1078 (31.0) | |
| ≥ 30 | 580 (23.2) | 1588 (21.6) | 725 (20.9) | |
| Missing | 266 (10.7) | 773 (10.5) | 370 (10.7) | |
| High blood pressure | 439 (17.6) | 1424 (19.4) | 582 (16.8) | 0.002 |
| Diabetes | 138 (5.5) | 467 (6.4) | 214 (6.2) | 0.328 |
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 1465.0 (1051.3, 2032.6) | 1818.0 (1357.3, 2418.0) | 2138.9 (1638.6, 2791.7) | < 0.001 |
| Fruits and vegetables, times/d | 3.3 (2.2, 4.6) | 3.7 (2.5, 5.0) | 4.1 (2.9, 5.6) | < 0.001 |
| Consumed a sugar-sweetened beverage | 771 (30.9) | 2708 (36.8) | 1344 (38.7) | < 0.001 |
| Sodium, mg/d | 2216.7 (1442.2, 3187.5) | 2678.5 (1864.5, 3764.5) | 2993.6 (2115.4, 4168.2) | < 0.001 |
| Sugar, g/d | 61.4 (35.6, 97.0) | 85.7 (55.0, 128.5) | 111.3 (75.0, 158.9) | < 0.001 |
| Fibre intake, g/d | 10.9 (7.1, 16.0) | 14.4 (9.9, 20.3) | 17.7 (12.6, 24.7) | < 0.001 |
| Protein intake, g/d | 59.8 (41.0, 89.9) | 72.8 (51.6, 100.7) | 82.5 (60.3, 111.2) | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate intake, g/d | 176.1 (122.5, 242.1) | 223.3 (165.4, 297.8) | 269.9 (204.3, 355.1) | < 0.001 |
| Saturated fat intake, g/d | 15.6 (9.7, 24.7) | 19.9 (12.7, 29.9) | 23.1 (15.0, 34.3) | < 0.001 |
| Total fat intake, g/d | 50.3 (32.4, 76.4) | 64.1 (42.2, 92.0) | 73.8 (50.5, 105.7) | < 0.001 |
BMI, body mass index.
∗
Values are displayed as mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and, or n (%) for categorical variables unless otherwise indicated.