Table 3.
Breakfast and between-meal consumption and multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of hospitalization and/or mortality from coronary artery disease with 95% confidence intervals (CIs)
| Breakfast |
P | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||
| Cases, n | 40 | 706 | |
| Person-years | 13,514.5 | 96,564.0 | |
| Adjusted for age and sex: HR (95% CI) | 1.15 (0.83–1.60) | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.399 |
| + Demographic factors∗ | 1.13 (0.81–1.57) | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.473 |
| + Lifestyle and mental health factors† | 1.01 (0.72–1.40) | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.965 |
| + Dietary factors‡ | 1.00 (0.71–1.40) | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.993 |
| Additional adjustment for potential mediators | |||
| + Health conditions§ | 1.01 (0.72–1.41) | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.971 |
| + BMI|| |
1.01 (0.72–1.41) |
1.00 (Ref) |
0.969 |
| Between-meal consumption |
P | ||
| No |
Yes |
||
| Cases, n | 87 | 659 | |
| Person-years | 10,518.6 | 99,560.0 | |
| Adjusted for age and sex: HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.08 (0.87–1.35) | 0.489 |
| + Demographic factors∗ | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.08 (0.87–1.36) | 0.477 |
| + Lifestyle and mental health factors† | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.05 (0.84–1.32) | 0.664 |
| + Dietary factors‡ | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.03 (0.79–1.34) | 0.834 |
| Additional adjustment for potential mediators | |||
| + Health conditions§ | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.03 (0.79–1.34) | 0.831 |
| + BMI|| | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.03 (0.79–1.33) | 0.853 |
Boldface indicates the main model being reported.
BMI, body mass index; Ref, referent.
In addition to age (years) and sex (male, female), this model is adjusted for the following baseline demographic factors: largest racial group (yes, no); marital status (married, not married); education (≤ secondary school graduation, > secondary school graduation, missing); immigrant (yes, no, missing); food secure (yes, no, missing); and household income (< $15,000, $15,000–$29,999, $30,000–$49,999, $50,000–$79,999, ≥ $80,000, missing).
In addition to age, sex, and baseline demographic factors, this model is further adjusted for the following baseline lifestyle and mental health factors: smoking (never, past, current, missing); alcohol intake (none- < 3 times per month, 1-3 times per week, 4+ times per week, missing); physical activity index (active, moderately active, inactive, missing); and life stress (not at all stressful, not very stressful, a bit stressful, quite a bit or extremely stressful, missing).
In addition to age, sex, baseline demographic, lifestyle, and mental health factors, this model is further adjusted for the following baseline dietary factors: consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (yes, no); fruit and vegetable intake (times per day); eating frequency (times per day); sodium (mg per day), sugar (g per day); and energy intake (kcal per day). This is the main model reported for this analysis.
In addition to age, sex, and baseline demographic, lifestyle, mental health, and dietary factors, this model is further adjusted for the following baseline health conditions: high blood pressure (yes, no, missing); and diabetes (yes, no, missing).
In addition to age, sex, baseline demographic, lifestyle, mental health, and dietary factors, and baseline health conditions, this model is further adjusted for baseline BMI (kg/m2, < 18.5, 18.5-24.9, 25-29.9, ≥ 30).