Table 3. Maternal and Neonatal Characteristics at Birth by Medical Risk and Behavioral Riska,b.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low behavioral risk with low medical risk | Low behavioral risk with high medical risk | High behavioral risk with low medical risk | High behavioral risk with high medical risk | ||
| Maternal characteristics | |||||
| No. | 263 | 70 | 97 | 39 | |
| Minority race or ethnicityc | 143 (54.4) | 37 (52.9) | 53 (54.6) | 27 (69.2) | .34 |
| Non-English primary language | 42 (16.0) | 12 (17.1) | 25 (26.0) | 12 (30.8) | .04 |
| Low SES (Hollingshead category V) | 18 (6.8) | 4 (5.8) | 15 (15.5) | 8 (20.5) | .006 |
| No partner | 68 (25.9) | 19 (27.5) | 23 (23.7) | 13 (33.3) | .70 |
| Brief Symptom Inventory, average total from discharge and 2 y, mean (SD) | 0.27 (0.28) | 0.30 (0.31) | 0.28 (0.32) | 0.34 (0.42) | .57 |
| Infant characteristics | |||||
| No. | 308 | 79 | 113 | 44 | |
| PMA at birth, mean (SD), wk | 27.4 (1.8) | 25.7 (1.8) | 27.4 (1.8) | 25.2 (1.8) | <.001 |
| Female sex | 149 (48.4) | 31 (39.2) | 48 (42.5) | 19 (43.2) | .43 |
| BPD | 123 (39.9) | 77 (97.5) | 41 (36.3) | 39 (88.6) | <.001 |
| Brain injury (PED, PVL, VDIL) | 9 (2.9) | 31 (39.2) | 6 (5.3) | 20 (45.5) | <.001 |
| NEC/sepsis | 15 (4.9) | 46 (58.2) | 8 (7.1) | 28 (63.6) | <.001 |
| Severe retinopathy of prematurity | 0 | 21 (26.6) | 2 (1.8) | 8 (18.2) | NA |
Abbreviations: BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; NA, not applicable; NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis; PED, parenchymal echodensity; PMA, postmenstrual age; PVL, periventricular leukomalacia; SES, socioeconomic status; VDIL, ventricular dilation.
Medical risks include the following neonatal morbidities: chronic lung disease, brain injury (PED, PVL, VDIL), NEC/sepsis, and severe retinopathy of prematurity. Low medical risk defined as no more than 1 morbidity; high medical risk defined as at least 2 morbidities.
Behavioral risk grouped by Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale profiles: low behavioral risk defined as profiles 1 to 4; high behavioral risk defined as profile 5 or 6.
Minority racial or ethnic group included American Indian, Asian, Black, Hispanic, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, or “other,” as specified by the mother.