Table 2.
Association of demographic and household characteristics of susceptible SIREN participants with primary infection during second wave of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in England (1 September 2020 to 30 April 2021)
| Characteristic | Infected (n=2318) | Total* (n=17 973) | Infected (%) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted odds ratio† (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender†: | |||||||
| Female | 1950 | 15 290 | 12.8 | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| Male | 365 | 2665 | 13.7 | 1.08 (0.96 to 1.22) | 0.21 | 1.16 (1.01 to 1.33) | 0.03 |
| Non-binary‡ | - | ≤17 | - | 1.05 (0.24 to 4.66) | 0.95 | 1.00 (0.20 to 4.90) | 01.00 |
| Age group: | |||||||
| <25 | 132 | 651 | 20.3 | 1.86 (1.51 to 2.29) | <0.001 | 1.35 (1.07 to 1.69) | 0.01 |
| 25-34 | 540 | 3455 | 15.6 | 1.35 (1.20 to 1.53) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.82 to 1.08) | 0.42 |
| 35-44 | 555 | 4486 | 12.4 | 1.03 (0.92 to 1.16) | 0.60 | 0.90 (0.79 to 1.02) | 0.10 |
| 45-54 | 659 | 5479 | 12.0 | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| 55-64 | 406 | 3591 | 11.3 | 0.93 (0.82 to 1.06) | 0.30 | 1.00 (0.87 to 1.15) | 0.98 |
| ≥65 | 26 | 311 | 8.4 | 0.67 (0.44 to 1.01) | 0.05 | 0.73 (0.48 to 1.12) | 0.15 |
| Ethnicity: | |||||||
| Asian | 211 | 1163 | 18.1 | 1.57 (1.34 to 1.84) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.03 to 1.47) | 0.02 |
| Black | 65 | 284 | 22.9 | 2.10 (1.59 to 2.79) | <0.001 | 1.18 (0.86 to 1.62) | 0.30 |
| White | 1983 | 16 034 | 12.4 | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| Mixed race | 33 | 288 | 11.5 | 0.92 (0.64 to 1.32) | 0.64 | 0.72 (0.49 to 1.06) | 0.10 |
| Other ethnic group | 26 | 204 | 12.7 | 1.03 (0.68 to 1.57) | 0.87 | 0.73 (0.47 to 1.13) | 0.16 |
| Medical conditions: | |||||||
| No medical conditions | 1736 | 13 355 | 13.0 | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| Immunosuppression | 38 | 396 | 9.6 | 0.71 (0.51 to 1.00) | 0.05 | 0.75 (0.52 to 1.06) | 0.10 |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 290 | 2332 | 12.4 | 0.95 (0.83 to 1.09) | 0.45 | 1.01 (0.88 to 1.16) | 0.90 |
| Chronic non-respiratory disease | 254 | 1890 | 13.4 | 1.04 (0.90 to 1.20) | 0.60 | 1.11 (0.96 to 1.29) | 0.16 |
| Index of Multiple Deprivation fifth: | |||||||
| 1 (most deprived) | 302 | 1922 | 15.7 | 1.36 (1.17 to 1.59) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.88 to 1.25) | 0.58 |
| 2 | 430 | 3220 | 13.4 | 1.13 (0.98 to 1.29) | 0.09 | 1.04 (0.89 to 1.20) | 0.64 |
| 3 | 510 | 4200 | 12.1 | 1.01 (0.89 to 1.15) | 0.89 | 0.99 (0.86 to 1.14) | 0.90 |
| 4 | 557 | 4323 | 12.9 | 1.08 (0.95 to 1.23) | 0.24 | 1.05 (0.92 to 1.20) | 0.48 |
| 5 (least deprived) | 519 | 4308 | 12.0 | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| Household size: | |||||||
| 1 | 189 | 1801 | 10.5 | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| 2 | 755 | 5971 | 12.6 | 1.23 (1.04 to 1.46) | 0.01 | 1.21 (1.01 to 1.44) | 0.04 |
| 3 or 4 | 1092 | 8420 | 13.0 | 1.27 (1.08 to 1.50) | 0.004 | 1.32 (1.09 to 1.59) | 0.004 |
| ≥5 | 282 | 1781 | 15.8 | 1.60 (1.32 to 1.96) | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.23 to 1.94) | <0.001 |
| Children in household: | |||||||
| Children | 1357 | 10 592 | 12.8 | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| No children | 961 | 7381 | 13.0 | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.11) | 0.68 | 0.92 (0.81 to 1.05) | 0.23 |
| Region: | |||||||
| East Midlands | 265 | 1775 | 14.9 | 1.87 (1.58 to 2.22) | <0.001 | 1.66 (1.18 to 2.32) | 0.003 |
| East of England | 375 | 2233 | 16.8 | 2.15 (1.84 to 2.52) | <0.001 | 1.92 (1.41 to 2.60) | <0.001 |
| London | 316 | 1990 | 15.9 | 2.01 (1.71 to 2.37) | <0.001 | 1.71 (1.27 to 2.31) | <0.001 |
| North East | 41 | 366 | 11.2 | 1.34 (0.95 to 1.89) | 0.090 | 1.48 (0.81 to 2.69) | 0.20 |
| North West | 309 | 1956 | 15.8 | 2.00 (1.70 to 2.36) | <0.001 | 1.91 (1.42 to 2.57) | <0.001 |
| South East | 267 | 2364 | 11.3 | 1.36 (1.15 to 1.60) | <0.001 | 1.49 (1.12 to 1.98) | 0.006 |
| South West | 352 | 4102 | 8.6 | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| West Midlands | 256 | 1776 | 14.4 | 1.79 (1.51 to 2.13) | <0.001 | 1.68 (1.23 to 2.29) | 0.001 |
| Yorkshire and the Humber | 137 | 1411 | 9.7 | 1.15 (0.93 to 1.41) | 0.20 | 1.15 (0.81 to 1.62) | 0.43 |
*
311 participants excluded from risk factor analyses owing to missing characteristics data.
†
Adjusted for above characteristics and those in table 3, with secondary care health organisation as random effect.
‡
Owing to low absolute number of infections in participants identifying as non-binary, counts within gender categories have either been suppressed or rounded to nearest 5 to mitigate disclosure risk.