Table 3.
Individual-level characteristics of factors associated with opioid stigma, criminality and policy outcomes: AmeriSpeak first quarter 2020 (N = 947).
| Stigmaa | Criminalityb | Policyc | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Standardized β (95% CI) | Standardized β (95% CI) | Standardized β (95% CI) |
| Age | 0.189 (0.101, 0.277)** | 0.093 (0.013,0.172)* | 0.046 (−0.035, 0.128) |
| Male (reference: female) | 0.032 (−0.023, 0.099) | 0.077(0.016, 0.138)** | 0.108 (0.045, 0.171)** |
| Race/Ethnicity (reference: non-Hispanic White) | |||
| Asian, non-Hispanic | 0.079 (0.019, 0.138)* | 0.030 (−0.024, 0.084) | −0.029 (−0.085, 0.026) |
| Black, non-Hispanic | −0.091(−0.157, −0.025)** | −0.067 (−0.127, −0.007)** | −0.104 (−0.165, −0.042)** |
| Other, non-Hispanic | −0.014 (−0.070, 0.043) | 0.000 (−0.051, 0.051) | −0.074 (−0.127, −0.022)** |
| Two or more race, non-Hispanic | 0.038 (−0.023, 0.099) | 0.003 (−0.052, 0.058) | 0.013 (−0.043, 0.070) |
| Hispanic | −0.054(−0.121, 0.013) | 0.045 (−0.016, 0.106) | 0.016 (−0.046, 0.079) |
| Educational attainment (reference: HS graduate or equivalent) | |||
| < HS graduate | −0.089 (−0.157, −0.021)** | −0.068(−0.129, −0.007)* | 0.047(−0.016, 0.110) |
| Some college | −0.006 (−0.078, 0.066) | −0.066(−0.131, −0.001)* | −0.028 (−0.095, 0.039) |
| College degree or above | −0.045 (−0.127, 0.038) | −0.158 (−0.232, −0.084)** | −0.116 (−0.193, −0.039)** |
| Employment Status (reference: working – as a paid employee) | |||
| Not working – on temporary layoff from a job | −0.016 (−0.079, 0.047) | 0.004(−0.053, 0.061) | 0.027 (−0.032, 0.086) |
| Not working – looking for work | −0.023 (−0.085, 0.039) | 0.001(−0.055, 0.056) | −0.07 (−0.127, −0.012)* |
| Not working – retired | 0.015 (−0.067, 0.098) | −0.089(−0.163, −0.015)* | −0.091 (−0.168, −0.014)* |
| Not working – disabled | −0.010 (−0.081, 0.062) | −0.031 (−0.095, 0.034) | −0.102 (−0.169, −0.036)** |
| Not working – other | 0.054 (−0.013, 0.121) | −0.012(−0.072, 0.048) | 0.03 (−0.032, 0.092) |
| Working – self-employed | 0.061 (−0.002, 0.124) | −0.041 (−0.097, 0.016) | −0.045 (−0.103, 0.013) |
| Household income (reference: $50,000-$84,000) | |||
| <$25,000 | −0.013 (−0.097, 0.071) | 0.004(−0.072, 0.080) | −0.040 (−0.118,0.038) |
| $25,000-$49,999 | −0.053 (−0.131, 0.026) | 0.006(−0.065, 0.076) | −0.001 (−0.074, 0.072) |
| $85,000-$149,999 | 0.073 (0.000, 0.147) | 0.082(0.016, 0.149)* | 0.084 (0.016, 0.153)* |
| $150,000+ | 0.0593 (−0.013, 0.120) | 0.036 (−0.024, 0.096) | 0.025 (−0.037, 0.087) |
| Lives in MSA (reference: does not) | 0.053 (−0.009, 0.115) | −0.029 (−0.085, 0.027) | −0.011 (−0.069, 0.047) |
| Personal experience with opioids (including overdose) (reference: no experience) | −0.087 (−0.157, −.018)* | −0.186 (−0.249, −0.123)** | −0.089 (−0.154, −0.025)** |
| Personal experience with criminal justice system (reference: no experience) | −0.101(−0.171, −0.032)** | −0.018(−0.080, 0.045) | −0.049 (−0.114, 0.016) |
| Family/friend experience with opioids (including overdose) (reference: no experience) | 0.011 (−0.061, 0.082) | −0.082 (−0.146, −0.018)* | −0.103 (−0.170, −0.037)** |
| Family/friend experience with criminal justice system (reference: no experience) | 0.033 (−0.039, 0.105) | −0.028 (−0.037, 0.093) | −0.001 (−0.67, 0.068) |
| Disregard for OUD as a medical condition d | 0.282 (0.220, 0.345)** | 0.508 (0.452, 0.564)** | 0.479 (0.421, 0.537)** |
p<.05
p<.01.
The stigma scale score was calculated from six items about willingness to have a person with a past history of opioid misuse work with you or marry into your family and willingness to have a person with a current opioid misuse work with you, marry into your family, their perceived dangerousness and trustworthiness. Higher scores indicate more stigma toward people who misuse opioids. Adjusted R2 = .162; p-value <.001.
The criminality scale was calculated from five items related to arresting and prosecuting people who misuse opioids and their access to treatment. Higher scores indicate greater perceived criminality of opioid misuse. Adjusted R2 = .327; p-value <.001.
The policy scale score was calculated with eight items about policies related to government spending for opioid misuse, accessibility of opioid misuse treatment, and criminal charges. Higher scores indicate less support for policies that benefit people who misuse opioids. Adjusted R2 = .276; p-value <.001.
Disregard for opioid misuse as a medical condition was calculated from five items. Higher scores indicate greater disregard of OUD as a medical condition (lower knowledge).