Table 1.

126 papers for the literature survey

Study	Country	Sample Size	Sex (%)	Mean age (SD, age range)	Sample type	Problem gambling measures
Prevalence of offline gambling
Abbott et al. (2016)	Australia	23,479	Male: n = 9,473 Female: n = 14,006	Adults	General population	SOGS, CPGI, VGS
Anagnostopoulos et al. (2017)	Greece	2,141	Male: 45.4% Female: 54.6%	Adolescents	General population	DSM-IV
Andrie et al. (2019)	Spain, Greece, The Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Germany, Iceland	13,284	Male: n = 6,284 Female: n = 7,000	Adolescents	General population	SOGS
Assanangkornchai et al. (2016)	Thailand	4,727	Male: 36% Female: 64%	Adults	General population	DSM-IV
Baggio et al. (2018)	France	8,805	Male: 48.2% Female: 51.8%	Adolescents, Adults, Older Adults	General population	PGSI
Blanco et al. (2006)	USA	43,093	Only reported for participants with GD	Adults	General population	AUDADIS-IV
Brodbeck et al. (2009)	Switzerland	8,385	Male: 48% Female: 52%	Adults	General population	NODS
Castrén et al. (2013)	Finland	2,826	Male: n = 1,243 Female: n = 1,583	Adolescents, Adults	General population	PGSI
Castrén, Heiskanen, and Salonen (2018)	Finland	13,721	Male: n = 6,785 Female: n = 6,936	Adolescents, Adults, Older Adults	General population	SOGS
Chiu and Woo (2012)	Chinese in USA	192	Male: n = 97 Female: n = 93	Adolescents	General population	SOGS
Economou et al. (2019)	Greece	7,818	Male NPG: 46.7% Male PG: 67.1%	Adults	General and clinical sample	PGSI
Fröberg et al. (2015)	Sweden	4,358	Male: n = 2,217 Female: n = 2,141	Adolescents, Adults	General population	PGSI, SOGS
Giralt et al. (2018)	Germany	9,309	Male: n = 4,600 Female: n = 4,709	Adolescents	General population	DSM-IV
Gori et al. (2015)	Italy	5,920	Male: 62.3% Female: 37.7%	Adolescents	General population	SOGS
Huang and Boyer (2007)	Canada	5,666	N/A	Adolescents, Young Adults	General population	CPGI
Lupu and Todirita (2013)	Romania	1,032	Male: 65.57% Female: 34.43%	Adolescents	General population	20-GA
Melendez-Torres et al. (2020)	Wales	37,363	Male: n = 18,663 Female: n = 17,959	Adolescents	General population	N/A
Mori and Goto (2020)	Japan	6,576	Male: n = 3,302 Female: n = 3,274	Adults	General population	SOGS
Nordmyr et al. (2014)	Finland	2,984	Male: n = 1,438 Female: n = 1,546	Adults	General population	DSM-IV
Petry and Steinberg (2005)	USA	149	Male: n = 72 Female: n = 77	Adults	Clinical sample (treatment seeking PGs)	SOGS
Petry et al. (2005)	USA	42,898	Male: 47.8% Female: 52.3%	Adults	General population	AUDADIS-IV
Svensson and Romild (2014)	Sweden	3,191	Male: n = 2048 Female: n = 1,143	Adolescents, Adults, Older Adults	General population	PGSI
van der Maas et al. (2018)	Canada	2,187	Male: n = 1,011 Female: n = 1,176	Older Adults	General population	CPGI
Welte et al. (2015)	USA	5,594	Male: n = 2,703 Female: n = 2,891	Adults	General population	SOGS
Williams et al. (2013)	South Korea	8,330	N/A	Adults	General population	CPGI, NODS, PPGM
Wu et al. (2014)	Macao	1,018	Male: n = 454 Female: n = 564	Adults	General population	DSM-IV
Prevalence of online gambling
Chóliz et al. (2019)	Spain	6,816	Male: 48.4% Female: 51.6%	Adults, Older Adults	General population	NODS
Edgren et al. (2017)	Finland	3,555	Male: 53.8% Female: 46.2%	Adults, Older Adults	General population	PGSI
Elton-Marshall et al. (2016)	Canada	10,035	Male: n = 4,937 Female: n = 5,098	Adolescents	General population	GPSS of the CAGI
Floros et al. (2013)	Island of Kos	2017	Male: 51.8% Female: 48.2%	Adolescents	General population	DSM-IV
Gainsbury et al. (2015)	Australia	15,006	Male: 47.5% Female: 52.5%	Adults, Older Adults	General population	PGSI
Gómez et al. (2020)	Spain	3,772	Male: 49.8% Female: 50.2%	Adolescents	General population	N/A
Griffiths et al. (2009)	GB	9,003	N/A	Adolescents, Adults	General population	DSM-IV
Lelonek-Kuleta et al. (2020)	Poland	2000	Male: 48.2% Female: 51.8%	Adults	General population	BBGS
McCormack et al. (2014)	UK	975	Male: n = 800 Female: n = 175	Adults	General population	PGSI
Wu et al. (2015)	China	952 community sample (CS) 427 university student sample (US) (N = 1,399)	CS: Male: 42%, Female: 58% US: Male: 43.6%, Female: 56.4%	CS: Adults US: Young Adults	General population	DSM-IV
Yazdi and Katzian (2017)	Austria	3,043	Only reported for participants with GD	Only reported for participants with GD	General population	Johnson's Lie-and-Bet Questionnaire (Johnson et al., 1997)
Prevalence of LGBTQI*
Broman and Hakansson (2018)	Italy	605	Male: 38% Female: 51% Non-sexual: 11%	Adolescents, Adults	General population	NODS, GAS
Grant and Potenza (2006)	USA	105	Only male	Adults	Clinical sample	DSM-IV
Richard et al. (2019)	Canada	19,299	Male: Hetero: n = 10,305 Gay: n = 137 Bi: n = 65 Female: Hetero: n = 8,215 Gay: n = 274 Bi: n = 303	Young Adults	General population	DSM-5
Sociodemographic factors
Blanco et al. (2006)	USA	43,093	Only reported for participants with GD	Adults	General population	AUDADIS-IV
Bonnaire et al. (2016)	France	25,646	Male: n = 12,504 Female: n = 13,142	Adolescents, Adults, Older Adults	General population	CPGI
Bonnaire et al. (2017)	France	25,646	Male: n = 12,504 Female: n = 13,142	Adolescents, Adults, Older Adults	General population	CPGI
Castrén, Kontto, et al. (2018)	Finland	3,251	Male: n = 1833 Female: n = 1,418	Adolescents, Adults, Older Adults	General population	SOGS
Granero et al. (2009)	Spain	286	Male: 50% Female: 50%	Adults	Clinical sample	SOGS, DSM-IV
Grant, Chamberlain, et al. (2012)	USA	501	Male: n = 227 Female: n = 274	Adults	Clinical sample	SCI-PG, CGI, PG-YBOGS, GSAS
Guillo-Landreat et al. (2016)	France	194	Male: 82.47% Female: 17.53%	Adults	Clinical sample	DSM-IV, GRCS
Hing et al. (2016)	Australia	8,917	Male: n = 3,783 Female: n = 3,903	Adults	General population	PGSI
Jiménez-Murcia et al. (2020)	Spain	512	Male: n = 473 Female: n = 39	Adults	Clinical sample	DSM, GRSC
Ronzitti et al. (2016)	UK	1,178	Male: 92.5% Female: 7.5%	Adults	Clinical sample	PGSI
Vogelgesang (2009)	Germany	200	Male: 50% Female: 50%	Adults	Clinical sample	ICD-10
Preferred gambling type
Bonnaire et al. (2017)	France	25,647	Male: n = 12,504 Female: n = 13,142	Adolescents, Adults, Older Adults	General population	CPGI
Leung and Tsang (2011)	Chinese in Hong Kong	4,480	Male: n = 3,949 Female: n = 531	Adults	Clinical sample	N/A
Lopez-Gonzalez et al. (2020)	Australia/Spain	1,092	Australian Male: 79.3%, Female: 20.7% Spain Male: 72.0%, Female: 28.0%	Adults	General population	PGSI
Nong et al. (2020)	China	855	Male: 48.1% Female: 51.9%	Adults, Older Adults	latent class analysis	DSM-5
Nower and Blaszczynski (2006)	USA	2,670	Male: 51.1% Female: 48.4%	Adults, Older Adults	Clinical sample	N/A
Odlaug et al. (2011)	N/A	440	Male: 54.9% Female: 45.1%	Adults	Clinical sample	PG-YBOGS, CGI
Potenza et al. (2006)	US	2,417	Male: n = 1,131 Female: n = 1,231	Adults	General population	NODS
Ronzitti et al. (2016)	UK	1,178	Male: 92.5% Female: 7.5%	Adults	Clinical sample	PGSI
Stark et al. (2012)	Canada	3,604	N/A	Adults	General population	PGSI
Stevens and Young (2010)	Australia	1,172 people weighted to 97,525 to represent the resident Northern Territory adult population who had gambled in the previous 12 months	Male: 52.4% Female: 47.6%	Adults	General population	N/A
Svensson and Romild (2014)	Sweden	3,191	Male: n = 2048 Female: n = 1,143	Adolescents, Adults, Older Adults	General population	PGSI
Toneatto and Wang (2009)	Canada	60	Male: n = 44 Female: n = 16	Adults	Clinical sample	CPGI
van der Maas et al. (2018)	Canada	2,187	Male: n = 1,011 Female: n = 1,176	Older Adults	General population	CPGI
Williams et al. (2013)	South Korea	8,330	N/A	Adults	General population	CPGI, NODS, PPGM
Gambling motives
Clarke and Clarkson (2008)	New Zealand	104	Male: n = 41 Female: n = 63	Older Adults	General population	N/A
Clarke et al. (2007)	New Zealand	209	Male: n = 61 Female: n = 148	Younger Adults, Older Adults	General population	DSM-IV
Echeburúa et al. (2011)	Spain	103	Male: n = 52 Female: n = 51	Adults	Clinical sample	DSM-IV
Flack and Stevens (2018)	Australia	4,945	N/A	Adults	General population	PGSI
Grant and Kim (2002)	N/A	131	Male: 40% Female: 60%	Adults, Older Adults	Clinical sample (treatment seeking PGs)	SOGS, GAF, CGI, DSM-IV
Hing et al. (2016)	Australia	8,917	Male: n = 3,783 Female: n = 3,903	Adults	General population	PGSI
McCormack et al. (2014)	UK	975	Male: n = 800 Female: n = 175	Adults	General population	PGSI
Sundqvist et al. (2016)	Sweden	257	Male: n = 179 Female: n = 78	Adults	General population	NODS-PERC, Johnson 's Lie-and-Bet Questionnaire (Johnson et al., 1997)
Walker et al. (2005)	Canada	400	N/A	Adults	General population	N/A
Severity
Granero et al. (2009)	Spain	286	Male: 50% Female: 50%	Adults	Clinical sample	SOGS, DSM-IV
Grant et al. (2017)	N/A	574	Male: 54% Female: 46%	Adults	Clinical sample	CGI, SCI-GD, PG-YBOGS, GSAS
Grant, Chamberlain, et al. (2012)	USA	501	Male: n = 227 Female: n = 274	Adults	Clinical sample	SCI-PG, CGI, PG-YBOGS, GSAS
Håkansson and Widinghoff (2020)	Sweden	327	Male: n = 223 Female: n = 104	Adults	Clinical sample	PGSI
Jiménez-Murcia et al. (2016)	Spain	1,632	Male: 91.5% Female: 8.5%	Adults	Clinical sample	SOGS
Jiménez-Murcia et al. (2020)	Spain	512	Male: n = 473 Female: n = 39	Adults	Clinical sample	DSM, GRSC
Kim et al. (2016)	New Zealand	150	Male: n = 64 Female: n = 86	Adults	Clinical sample	PGSI
Ronzitti et al. (2016)	UK	1,178	Male: 92.5% Female: 7.5%	Adults	Clinical sample	PGSI
Progression of gambling problems
Carneiro et al. (2014)	Brazil	118	Only reported for subgroups	Adolescents, Adults	Clinical sample	NODS, DSM-IV
Edgerton et al. (2015)	Canada	679	Male: 48.2% Female: 51.8%	Young adults	General population	PGSI
Grant, Odlaug, and Mooney (2012)	N/A	71	Male: 52.1% Female: 47.9%	Adults	Clinical sample	SCI-PG
Haw and Holdsworth (2016)	Australia	267	Male: 54% Female: 46%	Adults	Clinical sample	PGSI
Nelson et al. (2006)	USA	2,256	Male: n = 1,239–1,258 Female: n = 921–935	Adults	Clinical sample	DSM-IV
Slutske et al. (2014)	Australia	4,663	Male: n = 2001 Female: n = 2,662	Adults	General population	DSM-IV
Use of professional help/Motivation for treatment
Aster et al. (2018)	Germany	773	Male: n = 688 Female: n = 85	Adolescents, Adults	Clinical sample (treatment seeking PGs, relatives)	N/A
Braun et al. (2014)	Germany	7,718	Male: 83.9% Female: 16.1%	Adults	Clinical and general sample	DSM
Buchner et al. (2015)	Germany	N/A	N/A	N/A	Clinical sample	ICD-10
Echeburúa et al. (2011)	Spain	103	Male: n = 52 Female: n = 51	Adults	Clinical sample	DSM-IV
Harries et al. (2018)	USA	880	Only reported for subgroups	Adults	Clinical sample (treatment seeking PGs)	MIDI, SCI-PG, PG-YBOCS
Kim et al. (2016)	New Zealand	150	Male: n = 64 Female: n = 86	Adults	Clinical sample	PGSI
Kushnir et al. (2016)	Canada	207	Male: n = 127 Female: n = 80	Adults	Clinical sample	PGSI
Nelson et al. (2006)	USA	2,256	Male: n = 1,239–1,258 Female: n = 921–935	Adults	Clinical sample	DSM-IV
Comorbidity
Bischof et al. (2013)	Germany	164	Male: 74.4% Female: 25.6%	Adults	Clinical sample	CIDI
Bischof et al. (2015)	Germany	442	Male: 83.9% Female: 16.1%	Adults	Clinical sample	CIDI
Blanco et al. (2006)	USA	43,093	Only reported for participants with GD	Adults	General population	AUDADIS-IV
Bonnaire et al. (2017)	France	25,647	Male: n = 12,504 Female: n = 13,142	Adults, Older Adults	General population	CPGI
Boughton and Falenchuk (2007)	Canada	354	Only female	Adults	General population	SOGS
Brand et al. (2019)	USA	591	Male: n = 404 Female: n = 187	Adults	Clinical sample	ICD-9
Dannon et al. (2006)	Israel	78	Male: n = 42 Female: n = 36	Adults	Clinical sample	DSM-IV
Dash et al. (2019)	Australia	3,785	Male: n = 1,365 Female: n = 2,420	Adults	General population	NODS
Desai and Potenza (2008)	USA	43,039	Male: n = 18,518 Female: n = 24,575	Adults	General population	AUDADIS-IV
Díez et al. (2014)	Spain	96	Male: n = 49 Female: n = 47	Adults	Clinical sample	DSM-IV
Echeburúa et al. (2011)	Spain	103	Male: n = 52 Female: n = 51	Adults	Clinical sample	DSM-IV
Echeburúa et al. (2013)	Spain	206	Male: n = 104 Female: n = 102	Adults	Clinical and general population	SCI-PG, SCID-I
Ellenbogen et al. (2007)	Canada	5,313	Male: n = 2,750 Female: n = 2,563	Adolescents, Young Adults	General population	DSM-IV, GAQ
Fröberg et al. (2013)	Sweden	19,016	Male: n = 8,447 Female: n = 10,569	Adolescents, Young Adults	General population	N/A
Håkansson and Widinghoff (2020)	Sweden	327	Male: n = 223 Female: n = 104	Adults	Clinical sample	PGSI
Håkansson et al. (2017)	Sweden	106	Male: n = 85 Female: n = 21	Adults	Clinical sample	DSM-5, ICD-10
Håkansson et al. (2018)	Sweden	2099	Male: 77% Female: 23%	Adults	Clinical sample	ICD-10
Jiménez-Murcia et al. (2009)	Spain	498	Male: n = 439 Female: n = 59	Adults	Clinical sample	SOGS, DSM-IV
Karlsson and Håkansson (2018)	Sweden	2099	Male: n = 1,625 Female: n = 474	Adults, Older Adults	Clinical sample	DSM-5, ICD-10
Lister et al. (2015)	Canada	150	Male: n = 75 Female: n = 75	Adults	Clinical sample	NODS
Luczak and Wall (2016)	USA	678	Male: 50% Female: 50%	Young Adults	General population	SOGS
Moodie and Finnigan (2006)	Scotland	1827	Male: n = 739 Female: n = 1,037	Young Adults	General population	SOGS
Ronzitti et al. (2016)	UK	1,178	Male: 92.5% Female: 7.5%	Adults	Clinical sample	PGSI
Sanscartier et al. (2019)	Canada	624	Male: 47.8% Female: 52.2%	Young Adults	General population	PGSI
Sundqvist and Rosendahl (2019)	Sweden	2010	Male: 66/65% Female: 34/35%	N/A	Clinical sample and general population	SOGS, PGSI
Suomi et al. (2014)	Australia	212	Male: n = 105 Female: n = 107	Adults	Clinical sample	PGSI
Vogelgesang (2010)	Germany	200	Male: n = 100 Female: n = 100	Adults	Clinical sample	ICD-10
Trauma
Boughton and Falenchuk (2007)	Canada	354	Only female	Adults	General population	SOGS
Hodgins et al. (2010)	Canada	1,372	Male: n = 602 Female: n = 770	Adults, Older Adults	General population	PGSI, CIDI
Kausch et al. (2006)	USA	111	Male: 91.9% Female: 8.1%	Adults	Clinical sample	GSRI, ASI
Ledgerwood and Milosevic (2015)	Canada	150	Male: n = 75 Female: n = 75	Adults	General population (TN with PG background)	NODS, SOGS
Ledgerwood and Petry (2006)	North America	149	Male: n = 72 Female: n = 77	Adults	Clinical sample (treatment seeking PGs)	NODS
Petry and Steinberg (2005)	USA	149	Male: n = 72 Female: n = 77	Adults	Clinical sample (treatment seeking PGs)	SOGS
Roberts et al. (2017)	UK	3,025	Only male	Adults	General population	SOGS
Scherrer et al. (2007)	USA	1,675	Only male	Adults, Older Adults	General population (twins)	DSM-IV
Shultz et al. (2016)	USA	Cases: 94 Controls: 91 (Relatives: 312)	Only reported for subgroups	Adults	General population	SOGS, NODS
Violence
Afifi et al. (2010)	USA	3,334	Only reported for subgroups	Adults	general population	DSM-IV
Andronicos et al. (2015)	N/A	86	Male: n = 41 Female: n = 45	Adults	Clinical sample	SCID-I, SCID-II, SOGS
Cunningham-Williams et al. (2007)	USA	926	Only female	Adults	General population	N/A
Dowling et al. (2014)	Australia	704	Male: n = 364 Female: n = 320 Unspecified: n = 20	Adults	Clinial sample (treatment seekingPG	BBGS
Dowling et al. (2018)	Australia	4,153	Male: 48.7% Female: 51.3%	Adults	General popualtion	PGSI
Dowling et al. (2019)	Australia	1,109	Male: 62.4% Female: 37.6%	Adults, Older Adults	General population	PGSI
Echeburúa et al. (2011)	Spain	103	Male: n = 52 Female: n = 51	Adults	Clinical sample	DSM-IV
Echeburúa et al. (2013)	Spain	206	Male: n = 104 Female: n = 102	Adults	Clinical and general population	SCI-PG, SCID-I
Fröberg et al. (2013)	Sweden	19,016	Male: n = 8,447 Female: n = 10,569	Adolescents, Young Adults	General population	N/A
Kausch et al. (2006)	USA	111	Male: 91.9% Female: 8.1%	Adults	Clinical sample	GSRI, ASI
Korman et al. (2008)	Canada	248	Male: 82.7% Female: 17.3%	Adults	General population	CPGI
Lee et al. (2012)	USA	515	Male: n = 283 Female: n = 232	Adolescents	General population	SOGS
Roberts et al. (2016)	UK	3,025	Only male	Adults	General population	SOGS
Suomi et al. (2019)	Australia	212	Male: 49% Female; 51%	Adults	Clinical sample with family members	N/A
Vogelgesang (2009)	Germany	200	Male: 50% Female: 50%	Adults	Clinical sample	ICD-10
Criminality/delinquency
Abbott and McKenna (2005)	New Zealand	94	Only female	Adults	Prisoners	SOGS
Granero et al. (2014)	Spain	2,309	Male: 88.2% Female: 11.8%	Adults	Clinical sample	DSM-IV, SOGS
Ledgerwood et al. (2007)	N/A	231	Male: n = 127 Female: n = 104	Adults	Clinical sample	SOGS, ASI-G
Mestre-Bach et al. (2018)	Spain	273	Only female	Adults	Clinial sample (treatment seekingPGs)	DSM-IV-TR, SOGS
Vogelgesang (2009)	Germany	200	Male: 50% Female: 50%	Adults	Clinical sample	ICD-10

Note.

20-GA The 20 questions of the Gamblers Anonymous American Association.

ASI Addiction Severity Index.

ASI-G Addiction Severity Index Gambling Scale.

AUDADIS-IV Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule – DSM-IV version.

BBGS Brief Biosocial Gambling Screen.

CGI Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale.

CIDI Composite International Diagnostic Interview.

CPGI Canadian problem gambling index.

DSM-IV Pathological gambling diagnosed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition.

DSM-5 Pathological gambling diagnosed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition.

GAF Global Assessment of Functioning.

GAQ Gambling Activities Questionnaire.

GAS Gaming Addiction Scale.

GPSS of CAGI Gambling Problem Severity Subscale of the Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory.

GRSC Gambling Related Cognitions Scale.

GSAS Gambling Symptom Assessment Scale.

GSRI Gambler's Self-Report Inventory.

ICD-9 Pathological gambling diagnosed using the International Classification of Diseases and related Health Problems, 9th revision.

ICD-10 Pathological gambling diagnosed using the International Classification of Diseases and related Health Problems, 10th revision.

MIDI Minnesota Impulsive Disorders Interview.

NODS National Opinion Research Center (NORC) DSM Screen for Gambling Problems.

NODS-PERC National Opinion Research Center DSM-IV Screen for Gambling Problems - Preoccupation, Escape, Risked relationships and Chasing losses.

PGSI Problem Gambling Severity Index.

PG-YBOGS Pathological Gambling-Modification of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.

PPGM problem and pathological gambling measure.

SCID-I Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV Axis I Disorders.

SCID-II Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV Axis II Personality Disorders.

SCI-GD Structured Clinical Interview for Gambling Disorder.

SCI-PG Structured Clinical Interview for Pathological Gambling.

SOGS South Oaks Gambling Screen.

VGS Victorian Gambling Screen.