Summary of histopathological anomolies in GDM placentas (A) Illustrated cross-section of placental villous tissue at term. (B) Abnormalities frequently observed in GDM placentas include villous immaturity (reduced terminal villous surface area, reduced syctyiovascular membranes, increased cytotrophoblast), vascular lesions like intervillous fibrin deposition (IFD), and excess syncytial knots. SV = stem villus, IV= intermediate villus, TV=terminal villus, CTB=cytotrophoblast, STB=syncytiotrophoblast. Inset: mitochondrial damage is also a feature of GDM placental trophoblast cells. Illustration created with BioRender.