Table 1.

Clinical manifestations of IRIS in patients with HIV-1 infection on cART

Infection	Typical clinical manifestations	Atypical clinical manifestations
HIV encephalitis	Asymptomatic or mild cognitive decline	Fulminant decline in mental status over days with brain swelling and inflammation
PML with JCV	Subacute focal neurologic deficits	Focal areas of contrast enhancement and swelling
Varicella zoster virus	Shingles, CNS vasculitis	Strokes without skin rash
Cytomegalovirus	Retinitis, cerebritis	Vasculitis
Epstein-Barr virus	CNS lymphoma	Optic neuropathy
Tuberculosis	Meningitis	Cerebral infarcts, subarachnoid hemorrhage
Cryptococcus	Meningitis	Enhancing mass lesions in posterior fossa
Candida	Meningitis	Vasculitis with strokes

cART combination antiretroviral therapy; CNS central nervous system; IRIS immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome; JCV JC virus; PML progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy