Table 2.
Hazards ratios of all-cause mortality for measures of skeletal muscle index and physical performance
| Variables | N | Deaths | Person- years | Incidence rate | HR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Multivariate-adjusted1 | Multivariate-adjusted2 | |||||
| Height-adjusted SMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
| Q1 (Men 0.00–7.07; Women 0.00–5.69) | 159 | 76 | 1487.59 | 51.09 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 (Men 7.08–7.58; Women 5.70–6.14) | 160 | 46 | 1667.29 | 27.59 | 0.52 (0.36, 0.75)*** | 0.58 (0.40, 0.85)** | 0.59 (0.40, 0.88)** |
| Q3 (Men7.59–8.05; Women 6.15–6.63) | 161 | 36 | 1733.23 | 20.77 | 0.38 (0.26, 0.57)*** | 0.43 (0.29, 0.64)*** | 0.38 (0.25, 0.57)*** |
| Q4 (Men ≥ 8.06; Women ≥ 6.64) | 161 | 40 | 1735.44 | 23.05 | 0.43 (0.29, 0.63)*** | 0.56 (0.38, 0.83)** | 0.52 (0.34, 0.78)** |
| Weight-adjusted SMI (%) | |||||||
| Q1 (Men 0.00–28.97; Women 0.00–23.54) | 159 | 67 | 1588.36 | 42.18 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 (Men 28.98–31.31; Women 23.55–25.58) | 161 | 43 | 1661.54 | 25.88 | 0.60 (0.41, 0.88)** | 0.72 (0.49, 1.07) | 0.75 (0.50, 1.11) |
| Q3 (Men 31.32–33.61; Women 25.59–27.92) | 163 | 47 | 1703.08 | 27.60 | 0.64 (0.44, 0.94)* | 0.88 (0.60, 1.30) | 0.96 (0.64, 1.43) |
| Q4 (Men ≥ 33.62; Women ≥ 27.93) | 158 | 41 | 1670.57 | 24.54 | 0.57 (0.39, 0.84)** | 0.71 (0.48, 1.07) | 0.78 (0.51, 1.21) |
| Physical performance | |||||||
| Gait speed (m/s) | |||||||
| Q1 (Men 0.00–0.71; Women 0.00–0.68) | 157 | 91 | 1403.52 | 64.84 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 (Men 0.72–0.85; Women 0.69–0.82) | 155 | 43 | 1666.93 | 25.80 | 0.37 (0.25, 0.53)*** | 0.42 (0.28, 0.61)*** | 0.51 (0.34, 0.76)*** |
| Q3 (Men 0.86–0.98; Women 0.83–0.92) | 169 | 36 | 1806.21 | 19.93 | 0.28 (0.19, 0.42)*** | 0.38 (0.25, 0.59)*** | 0.50 (0.32, 0.78)** |
| Q4 (Men ≥ 0.99; Women ≥ 0.93) | 160 | 28 | 1746.89 | 16.03 | 0.23 (0.15, 0.35)*** | 0.32 (0.20, 0.51)*** | 0.42 (0.26, 0.68)*** |
| Timed up-and-go test (sec) | |||||||
| Q1 (Men 0.00–6.05; Women 0.00–6.49) | 161 | 30 | 1742.89 | 17.21 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 (Men 6.06–6.97; Women 6.50–7.21) | 161 | 33 | 1737.21 | 19.00 | 1.10 (0.67, 1.81) | 1.02 (0.62, 1.68) | 1.06 (0.64, 1.75) |
| Q3 (Men 6.98–8.27; Women 7.22–8.67) | 160 | 45 | 1715.24 | 26.24 | 1.53 (0.96, 2.43) | 1.27 (0.79, 2.03) | 1.24 (0.77, 2.01) |
| Q4 (Men ≥ 8.28; Women ≥ 8.68) | 159 | 90 | 1428.21 | 63.02 | 3.97 (2.62, 6.00)*** | 2.66 (1.69, 4.21)*** | 2.06 (1.28, 3.30)** |
| Timed chair stand (sec) | |||||||
| Q1 (Men 0.00–4.18; Women 0.00–4.29) | 162 | 22 | 1810.18 | 12.15 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 (Men 4.19–4.92; Women 4.30–5.20) | 160 | 44 | 1689.82 | 26.04 | 2.19 (1.31, 3.66)** | 1.82 (1.09, 3.07)* | 1.55 (0.92, 2.63) |
| Q3 (Men 4.93–5.89; Women 5.21–6.18) | 160 | 52 | 1622.43 | 32.05 | 2.74 (1.66, 4.50)*** | 2.27 (1.37, 3.77)** | 2.10 (1.25, 3.51)** |
| Q4 (Men ≥ 5.90; Women ≥ 6.19) | 159 | 80 | 1501.12 | 53.29 | 4.68 (2.92, 7.50)*** | 3.14 (1.89, 5.19)*** | 2.49 (1.48, 4.18)*** |
| Weight-adjusted leg press (%) | |||||||
| Q1 (Men 0.00–73.18; Women 0.00–55.30) | 161 | 84 | 1476.92 | 56.88 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 (Men 73.19–96.68; Women 55.31–77.59) | 160 | 47 | 1654.5 | 28.41 | 0.47 (0.33, 0.67)*** | 0.52 (0.36, 0.76)*** | 0.56 (0.39, 0.81)** |
| Q3 (Men 96.69–123.45; Women 77.60–105.67) | 159 | 39 | 1692.19 | 23.05 | 0.38 (0.26, 0.55)*** | 0.47 (0.32, 0.70)*** | 0.58 (0.39, 0.87)** |
| Q4 (Men ≥ 123.46; Women ≥ 105.68) | 161 | 28 | 1799.95 | 15.56 | 0.25 (0.16, 0.39)*** | 0.37 (0.23, 0.57)*** | 0.48 (0.31, 0.77)** |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | |||||||
| Q1 (Men 0.00–28.69; Women 0.00–18.79) | 163 | 83 | 1497.71 | 55.42 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 (Men 28.70–32.99; Women 18.80–21.29) | 157 | 50 | 1612.11 | 31.02 | 0.53 (0.37, 0.76)*** | 0.57 (0.40, 0.82)** | 0.64 (0.44, 0.93)* |
| Q3 (Men 33.00–37.15; Women 21.30–24.26) | 161 | 35 | 1756.11 | 19.93 | 0.34 (0.23, 0.50)*** | 0.40 (0.27, 0.60)*** | 0.42 (0.28, 0.63)*** |
| Q4 (Men ≥ 37.16; Women ≥ 24.27) | 160 | 30 | 1757.62 | 17.07 | 0.29 (0.19, 0.44)*** | 0.42 (0.27, 0.65)*** | 0.46 (0.29, 0.72)*** |
Multivariate adjustment1 for age, sex, education, marital status, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and exercising program
Multivariate adjustment2 for age, sex, education, marital status, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, exercising program, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, stroke, cancer, cognitive impairment, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and estimated glomerular filtration rate
Incidence rate = (number of incident cases) / (1000 person-years); SMI skeletal muscle mass, HR Hazard ratio, CI Confidence interval
*:p < 0.05; **:p < 0.01; ***:p < 0.001