Table 2.

Relationship between direct costs and GDP, adjusted model

Predictor	Estimate	Standard error
Intercept	−4.86*	1.26
Log10 GDP	1.91*	0.27
Random effects	Variance
Study	0.02029
Data source	0.02365
Residual	0.00684
AIC	−31.87
R-squared adjusted	0.94
N	41

Legend: We ran a linear mixed model with various study characteristics as random effects to assess the relationship between direct costs of multimorbidity and country GDP. *p < 0.001