Table 1.
Study characteristics and components of perinatal mental health literacy (N = 38)
| Authors | Country (setting) | Study Design / sampling method | method of data collection (setting) | Sample size | Illness Studied | Type of participants | Sex | Mean Age (SD) | Outcomes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Know-ledge | Atti-tudes | Help-Seeking | |||||||||
| Ayres 2019 [26] | Australia | Cross sectional study/convenience sampling | Questionnaire (hospital) | 218 | Perinatal mental health problems | Pregnant women | Female (100%) | N/A | h, k | ||
| Azale 2016 [27] | Ethiopia | Cross sectional study / community sampling | Face-to-face interview (participants’ homes) | 385 | Postpartum depression | Postpartum women with potential depressive disorder (PHQ-9 > =5) | Female (100%) | 28.8 (5.2) | c,g | h, i, k | |
| Barrera 2015 [28] | Latin America | Cross sectional study/ convenience sampling | Internet survey | 1760 | Perinatal depression | Pregnant women | Female (100%) | 28.3 (5.7) | i, k | ||
| Bina 2014 [29] | Israel | Prospective longitudinal study / convenience sampling | Telephone survey | 88 | Postpartum depression | Postpartum women who screened positive for PPD (EPDS> = 9) | Female (100%) | 29.7 (5.86) | i, k | ||
| Branquinho 2019 [30] | Portugal | Cross sectional study/ volunteer and snowball sampling | Internet survey | 621 | Postpartum depression | General public (Perinatal women excluded) |
Female (88.1%) Male (11.9%) |
32.05 (9.99) | a, b, c, g | l | |
| Branquinho 2020m [31] | Portugal | Cross sectional study / volunteer sampling | Internet survey | 621 | Postpartum depression | General public (Perinatal women excluded) |
Female (88.1%) Male (11.9%) |
32.05 (9.99) | l | ||
| Buist 2005 [32] | Australia | Cross sectional study / convenience sampling | Questionnaire (postnatal check-up) | 420 | Perinatal depression | Postpartum women | Female (100%) | N/A | a, g | i | |
| Buist 2007 [20] | Australia |
Cross sectional study/ Convenience sampling |
Questionnaire (postnatal check-up) | 394 | Perinatal depression | Postpartum women | Female (100%) | N/A | a | ||
| DaCosta 2018 [33] | Canada | Cross sectional study / volunteer sampling | Internet survey | 652 | Perinatal mental health problems | Nulliparous Pregnant women | Female (100%) | 32.0 (4.3) | i, k | ||
| Dunford 2017 [34] | UK | Cross sectional study/ volunteer sampling | Internet survey | 185 | Postpartum depression | Postpartum women | Female (100%) | 31 (5.16) | l | k | |
| Fonseca 2015 [35] | Portugal | Cross sectional study / volunteer sampling | Internet survey | 198 | Perinatal depression | Perinatal women with a positive screen for depression | Female (100%) |
30.59 (4.63) |
h, k | ||
| Fonseca 2017 [36] | Portugal | Cross sectional study / volunteer sampling | Internet survey | 231 | Perinatal depression, anxiety | Perinatal women in a romantic relationship | Female (100%) | 29.99 (5.07) | h | ||
| Fonseca 2018 [37] | Portugal | Cross sectional study / volunteer sampling | Internet survey | 226 | Perinatal depression & anxiety | Perinatal women | Female (100%) | 30.08 (4.12) | l | h, k | |
| Ford 2019 [38] | UK | Cross sectional study / volunteer sampling | Internet survey | 71 | Perinatal mental health problems | Postpartum women with symptoms of distress | Female (100%) | 32.85 (5.69) | k | ||
| Goodman 2009 [39] | United States | Cross sectional study / convenience sampling | Questionnaire (Obstetric clinics) | 509 | Perinatal depression | Pregnant women in the third trimester | Female (100%) | 31.6 (5.32) | I, j, k | ||
| Goodman 2013 [40] | United States | Cross sectional study / Convenience sampling | Questionnaire (Hospital) | 60 | Perinatal depression | Pregnant women | Female (100%) | 25.49 (5.19) | h, j, k | ||
| Henshaw 2013 [41] | United States | Cross sectional study / Convenience sampling | Telephone survey |
Baseline: 36; 6 week follow-up: 28 |
Perinatal depression & anxiety | Perinatal women | Female (100%) | 28.4 (4.69) | c | h | |
| Highet 2011 [18] | Australia | Cross sectional study/ random sampling | Telephone survey | 1201 | Perinatal depression | General public |
Female (73.8%) Male (26.2%) |
N/A | a, b, c | l | I |
| Holt 2017 [42] | Australia | Cluster randomised controlled trial / cluster sampling | Telephone survey | 541 | Postnatal depression & anxiety | Postpartum women | Female (100%) | Intervention group (IG): 31.5 (4.7); routine care (CG): 32.1 (4.6) | i, k | ||
| Kim 2010 [43] | United States | Cross sectional study / Convenience sampling | Telephone survey | 51 | perinatal depression | Perinatal women at risk for depression | Female (100%) | N/A | k | ||
| Kingston 2014a [44] | Canada | Cross sectional study / convenience sampling | Telephone survey | 1207 | Perinatal depression & anxiety | General public |
Female (50%) Male (50%) |
N/A | i, j | ||
| Kingston 2014b [17] | Canada | Cross sectional study / random sampling | Telephone survey | 1207 | Perinatal depression & anxiety | General public | Female (50%) Male (50%) | N/A | b, c | ||
| Logsdon 2018a [45] | United States | Cross sectional study / Convenience sampling | Interview (Academic health sciences center) | 50 | Postpartum depression | Postpartum Latina immigrant mothers | Female (100%) | 27.9 (6.2) | f | h. j, k | |
| Logsdon 2018b [46] | United States | Pretest-posttest design /convenience sampling | Questionnaire (Community organizations; home visits) | Control group: 138; intervention group: 154 | Postpartum Depression | Adolescent postpartum women | Female (100%) |
Control group (CG): 18.2 Intervention group (IG): 17.9 |
h | ||
| Mirsalimi 2020m [47] | Iran | Cross sectional study Convenience sampling | Questionnaire (hospital) | 692 | Postpartum Depression | Perinatal women | Female (100%) | 27.63 (5.46) | i | ||
| O’Mahen 2008 [48] | United States | Cross sectional study / Convenience sampling | Telephone survey | 108 | Perinatal depression | Pregnant women | Female (100%) | N/A | i, j, k | ||
| O’Mahen 2009 [49] | United States | Longitudinal study/ convenience sampling | Telephone survey | 82 | Perinatal depression | Pregnant women (> = 10 EPDS) | Female (100%) | 30.02 (4.9) | c | k | |
| Patel 2011 [50] | United States | Cross sectional study/ volunteer sampling | Internet survey | 100 | Perinatal depression | Perinatal women | Female (100%) | 31 (5.0) | j | ||
| Prevatt [51] | United States | Cross sectional study/ convenience and snowball sampling | Internet survey | 211 | Postpartum mood disorder symptoms | Postpartum women | Female (100%) | 32.99 (4.10) | i, k | ||
| Ride 2016 [52] | Australia | cross-sectional discrete choice experiment/ convenience sampling | Internet survey | 217 | Perinatal depression & anxiety | Perinatal women | Female (100%) | 32.0 | h, j, k | ||
| Sealy 2009 [19] | Canada | Cross sectional study/ Community sampling | Telephone interview | 8750 | Postpartum depression and baby blues | General public |
Female (55.8%) Male (44.2%) |
N/A | b, g | i | |
| Sleath 2005 [53] | United States | Cross sectional study / convenience sampling | (County health department) | 73 | Prenatal depression | Pregnant women 12–32 weeks prenatal | Female (100%) | 23.6 (4.9) | j | ||
| Small 1994 [54] | Australia | Case control study | At home | Case group: 45; control group: 45 | Postpartum depression | Postpartum women | Female (100%) | N/A | c | i | |
| Smith 2019 [55] | Australia | Cross sectional study | Internet survey | 1201 | Perinatal depression & anxiety | General public | Female (51%) Male (49%) | N/A | a, b, c, g | l | h, I |
| Thorsteinsson 2014 [56] | Australia | Cross sectional study/ Convenience sample | Internet survey | 500 | Postpartum depression | General public |
Female (85.4%) Male (14.6%) |
33.73 (9.55) | a, c | i, j | |
| Thorsteinsson 2018 [57] | Australia | Randomised controlled trial/ random sampling | Internet survey | 212 | Postpartum depression | General public (Parents) |
Female (91.5%) Male (8.5%) |
36.88 (8.71) | l | h | |
| Wenze 2018 [58] | United States | Cross sectional study/ Volunteer sample | Internet survey | 241 | Perinatal mental health problems | General public (Parents of twins or higher order multiples) |
Female (80.9%) Male (19.1%) |
41.91 (10.79) | h, j, k | ||
| Zittel-Palamara 2008 [59] | United States | Cross sectional study/ Convenience sample | Telephone survey | 45 | Postpartum depression | Women who had or were currently experiencing PPD | Female (100%) | 29.8 (7.23) | i, j, k | ||
N/A Not available, EPDS Edinburgh postnatal depression scale [60]; a, Recognition of disorder; b, Symptoms; c, Causes; e, First aid/self-help; f, Prevention; g, Intervention; h, Help-seeking intention; i, preferred source of help; j, preferred treatment; k, barriers and/or facilitators to help-seeking; l, Stigmatizing attitudes and beliefs towards PMHP; mStudies reporting on overall depression literacy levels; Studies of authors written in italic are based on the same sample