Table 4.
Help-seeking: intentions, preferred sources and treatment
| Authors | Outcomes | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Intention to seek help | Attitudesa Preferred /recommended source of help |
Preferred treatment | |
| Ayres 2019 [26] | 36.2% | ||
| Azale 2016 [27] | Perceived need for treatment:71.6% |
*Informal: husband (61.3%); Formal: general health professional (any) (12.7%) |
Modern medicine (49.8%) |
| Barrera 2015 [28] |
* Informal: partners (82.5%); family members (75.5%); Formal: health providers (49.4%) |
||
| Bina 2014 [29] |
*Professional help users (24%): mental health professional (71%) Informal help users (62.5%): family and friends (approx. 50%) |
||
| Buist 2005 [32] |
*Informal: family (50%); Formal: GP (29.2%) |
||
| Branquinho 2020 [31] |
Help-seeking propensity: M = 3.19; SD = 0.61b |
||
| DaCosta 2018 [33] |
*All women: family doctor/general practitioner (9.7%) Women EPDS> = 10: family doctor/general practitioner (19.2%) |
||
| Dunford 2017 [34] | Help-seeking propensity: M = 21.46; SD = 6.29b | ||
| Fonseca 2015 [35] | Willingness to seek professional help for psychological problems: 38.4% | ||
| Fonseca 2017 [36] | Intention to seek professional help: M = 4.48; SD = 1.60d | ||
| Fonseca 2018 [37] | Intention to seek professional help: M = 4.48; SD = 1.59d | ||
| Goodman 2009 [39] | Obstetric practitioner or mental health practitioner at obstetrics clinic (69.4%) | Individual psychotherapy (72.5%) | |
| Goodman 2013 [40] | Interested in professional mental health services: 78.3% | PPD prevention: mindfulness approach (MBCT) (47.46%) | |
| Henshaw 2013 [41] |
Informal: friend or family member (83.3%); Formal: counsellor/psychologist (58.3%) |
||
| Highet 2011 [18] |
Full sample: Informal: friends and family (32%); Formal: doctor (52%); Family / friends (male: 21,1; female: 43,1); GP (male: 32%; female: 21%) |
||
| Holt 2017 [42] | *GP (69.6%); psychologist/counsellor (52.2%)f | ||
| Kingston 2014a [44] |
Informal: partner (17.7%); Formal: family doctor (38.9%) |
Talking to doctor or midwife (81.6%); counselling (79.8%); peer support (73.2%); parenting help (70.3%); diet/ nutritional supplements (63.2%); phone support (52.9%) | |
| Logsdon 2018a [45] | M = 3.8; SD = 1.2e | First inclination: psychological treatment (73.9%) | |
| Logsdon 2018b [46] | Baseline CG:11.5%; Baseline IG:11.9% | ||
| Mirsalimi 2020 [47] |
Informal: friends / family members (27.2%); Formal: psychologist (42.1%) |
||
| O’Mahen 2008 [48] | Mental health specialist (85.1%); primary care physician (68.8%); obstetrician (62.5%); pastor (60.5%) | Family/friend support (89.6%); therapy (76.4%); antidepressant; (68.7%); case management (62.5%) | |
| Patel 2011 [50] | Combination of medication and counselling (55%) | ||
| Prevatt 2018 [51] | OB-Gyn (53.4%) | ||
| Ride 2016 [52] | 77% |
Pregnant women: individual counselling; Breastfeading women: Meditation; Yoga or Exersice; Non-breastfeeding women: combinded counselling and Medication. Individual counselling was consistently the highest ranked guideline-recommended treatment.g |
|
| Sleath 2005 [53] | Wait and get over it naturally (83.6%); counseling from a mental health professional (57.6%)h | ||
| Small 1994 [54] |
* Informal: friends (70%); partner (66.7%); Formal: GP (65%), maternal and child health nurse (55%) |
||
| Smith 2019 [55] | Women who would not seek help for PPD: 3.8% |
Informal: family/friends (male: 19%; female: 53%); Formal: doctor (male: 43.3%; female: 50.7%) |
|
| Thorsteinsson 2014 [56] | Informal: family (70%); friends (68%); Formal: GP (96%); counsellor (86%); community health nurse (75%); telephone counselling service (71%); social worker (60%); internet (54%); psychiatrist (53%) | Family support (88%); support group (85%); counselling/psychotherapy; (81%); relaxation/time to self (76%); sleep (74%), exercise (74%); antidepressant medication (56%); improved diet (51%) | |
| Thorsteinsson 2018 [57] |
Help-seeking propensity (averaged across groups): M = 2.92; SD = 1.73c |
||
| Wenze 2018 [58] | 47.8% interested in mental health treatment in the perinatal period (for stress: 32.1%; for depression: 18.8%; for anxiety: 21.9%) | Preference Ranking: 1. Individual therapy (47.9%) | |
| Zittel-Palamara 2008 [59] | OB/Gyn (73.3%); psychiatrist (73.3%); psychologist (71.1%); primary care physician (71.1%); social workers (66.7%); paediatricians (60%); midwives (57.8%); spiritual assistance (64.4%) | Individual counselling (84.4%); medication (73.3%); In-person support group (73.3%); hospital inpatient (68.9%); online support group (66.7%) | |
When only mean values of help-seeking intention / propensity without any associated standard values were presented, no conclusions were drawn; * Sources of help used by help-seeking women in the study; a Reported by more than 50% of participants; if all percentages were < 50%, the highest percentage per category was reported; bThe Help-seeking Propensity subscale of the Portuguese version of the Inventory of Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Services (IATSMHS [61]), 8 items, 4 point likert scale, higher scores higher help-seeking propensity; cInventory of Attitudes Towards Seeking Mental health Services (IASMHS [62]), 24 items, 5-point Likert scale, Subscale Scores 0–32, higher scores indicate more positive attitudes towards help-seeking; d General Help-Seeking Questionnaire (GHSQ [64]), 7 point likert scale (range 1–7); eMental Health Intention Scale (1 item [65]), scores range from 0 to 9 with higher scores representing more intention; g discrete choice experiment; htreatment preferences were measured by asking women to rate how acceptable (definitely acceptable, probably acceptable, probably not acceptable, and definitely not acceptable) certain treatments would be if they felt sad