Table 5.
Inhalable formulation of repurposed anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents.
| Drug Name | Formulation | Preparation technique | Excipients used | Delivery device | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Remdesivir | Dry powder inhaler | Thin-film freezing | Captisol, mannitol, lactose, L-leucine | Plastiape RS00 inhaler | (Sahakijpijarn et al., 2020a) |
| Liposomal solution | Film hydration technique and probe supersonic method | SBEβ-CD, DPPC, DSPE-PEG2000, cholesterol, trehalose | Nebulizer | (Li et al., 2021) | |
| Liposomal solution | Modified hydration technique | DPPC, cholesterol, SBE-β-CD, DOPC | PARI LC PLUS nebulizer | (Vartak et al., 2021) | |
| Niclosamide | Dry powder inhaler | Thin-film freezing | Mannitol, leucine | Plastiape RS00 inhaler | (Jara et al., 2021) |
| Niclosamide-lysozyme composite | Dry powder inhaler, nasal spray, and nebulizer solution | Spray-drying, reconstitution | Sucrose, polysorbate 80, histidine, recombinant human lysozyme | Twin Caps inhaler and Aerogen Solo vibrating mesh nebulizer | (Brunaugh et al., 2021) |
| Tamibarotene | Dry powder inhaler | Spray-freeze drying | 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin | Breezhaler | (Liao et al., 2021) |
| Nafamostat mesylate | Inhalable microparticles | Spray-drying | Lecithin, mannitol | Plastiape RS00 inhaler | (Kang et al., 2021) |
| Triazavirin | Solution | Mixing | – | Ultrasonic nebulizer | (Valiulin et al., 2021) |
| Hydroxychloroquine sulfate | Dry powder inhaler | Air jet milling | – | Osmohaler | (Albariqi et al., 2021) |
| Isotonic solution | Mixing | – | Aerogen Solo nebulizer | (Tai et al., 2021) | |
| Ivermectin | Solution | Mixing | – | Nebulizer (Micro Cirrus, Berkshire, UK) | (Chaccour et al., 2020) |
| *SBEβ-CD = Sulfobutylether beta cyclodextrin, DPPC = Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, DSPE-PEG2000 = 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-Poly(ethylene glycol2000), DOPC = 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine | |||||