Table 2.
Natural product polysaccharides and aging-related signal pathways.
| Signal pathway | Polysaccharides | Experiment model | Functions and mechanisms | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sirt-1 regulation | Lactobacillus plantarum 69-2 combined with galacto-oligosaccharide (500 mg/kg) | Aging mouse model | Improved gut microbiota regulation, increased short-chain fatty acid levels, and activated the hepatic AMPK/SIRT1 regulatory pathway | [72] |
| Momordica charantia polysaccharide (200 mg/kg) | Neural stem cells | The neural stem cell neuronal differentiation promoted because of the deacetylated β-catenin by SIRT1 | ([73]; [74]) | |
| Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (100, 200, and 400 mg/L) | Human lens epithelial cell line SRA01/04 cells | Upregulated Sirt1 and Bcl-2, suppressed cell death related genes | [76] | |
| Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (100 mg/kg) | Diabetic rats | Increased cell proliferation, inhibited cell apoptosis, and regulated SIRT1/HIF-1α expression | [78] | |
| Tremella polysaccharides (10 μg/mL) | Human epithelial A549 lung cancer cells | Activated SIRT1 and inhibited the LPS-induced ROS production, apoptosis, and autophagy | [79] | |
| Astragalus polysaccharide (100 mg/kg) | BALB/c male mice | Restored imbalance between mitochondrial fusion-fission processes, activated mitophagy, decreased PGC-1α expression, and ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction | [80] | |
| Astragalus polysaccharide (700 mg/kg) | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | Suppressed abnormal glycolipid metabolism and insulin resistance by improving hepatic SIRT1-PPARα-FGF21 intracellular signaling. Reduced chronic inflammation by attenuating hepatic steatosis | [81] | |
| Astragalus polysaccharide (2.5, 25, and 50 μg/ml) | Retinal pigment epithelial cells | Inhibited ER stress and subsequent apoptosis via regulating miR-204/SIRT1 axis | [82] | |
| Okra polysaccharides (200 or 400 mg/kg) | Diabetic mice | Suppressed apoptosis and oxidative stress through activating the AMPK-Sirt1-PGC-1α signaling axis | [83] | |
| Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide (100, 200, and 300 μg/mL) | Human skin fibroblasts | Alleviated hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis | [84] | |
| Apios americana Medikus tuber polysaccharide (30 mg/mL) | RAW 264.7 cells | Suppressed NO release, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction | [85] | |
| mTOR regulation | Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (1.2 mg/mL) | Intestinal porcine epithelial cell line | Inhibited cell apoptosis and autophagy through the promotion of Akt phosphorylation and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) | [95] |
| Astragalus polysaccharide (50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) | Fibroblast-like synoviocytes | Inhibited cell growth and proinflammatory response by enhancement of autophagy via PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibition | [96] | |
| A sulfated glucan from Antrodia cinnamomea (650 μg/mL) | Lung cancer cells | Reduced lung cancer cell viability via inhibition of the EGFR and mTOR activities | [97] | |
| Pectic bee pollen polysaccharide from Rosa rugosa (0.1 mg/mL) | Obese mice | Alleviated diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance via AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy | [98] | |
| Fucoidan from seaweed Fucus vesiculosus (50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) | A549 lung cancer cells | Exhibited antimetastatic effect on A549 lung cancer cells via the downregulation of ERK1/2 and Akt-mTOR as well as NF-κB signaling pathways | [99] | |
| Pleurotus nebrodensis polysaccharide (200 μg/mL) | A549 tumor-bearing mice | Activated AMPK phosphorylation, inhibited PI3K/AKT phosphorylation, suppressed the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway, and decreased the expression of the translation-related protein P70S6K | [100] | |
| Chitosan oligosaccharide (500 mg/kg) | Mouse model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer | Suppressed tumor progression through AMPK activation and suppression of NF-kappaB and mTOR signaling | [101] | |
| AMPK regulation | Astragalus polysaccharide (10 μg/mL) | Mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes | Improved insulin sensitivity via AMPK activation | [19] |
| Astragalus polysaccharide (700 mg/kg) | Type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model | Alleviated glucose toxicity by increasing liver glycogen synthesis and skeletal muscle glucose translocation via AMPK activation | [105] | |
| Astragalus polysaccharide (200 mg/kg) | Porcine alveolar macrophages | Attenuated ochratoxin A-induced immune stress by activating the AMPK/SIRT-1 signaling pathway | [106] | |
| Astragalus polysaccharide (400 μg/mL) | RAW264.7 cells | Ameliorated palmitate-induced proinflammatory responses through AMPK activation | [107] | |
| Polysaccharide from Fuzi (200 mg/kg) | H9c2 cells | Increased autophagy through AMPK/mTOR pathway activation | [108] | |
| Schisandra chinensis acidic polysaccharide (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) | Mouse model of acute liver injury | Diminished MDA levels, GSH, and cleaved caspase-3 expression, elevated the expression of p-AMPK, p-Akt, and p-glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and partially reversed acetaminophen-induced liver injury | [110] | |
| Irpex lacteus polysaccharide-enriched extract (0.04, 0.2, and 1.0 g/kg) | Mouse | Enhanced the endurance capacity of mouse by elevating antioxidant associated with the AMPK pathway | [41] | |
| Low molecular weight fucoidan (40 and 80 mg/kg) | Obese diabetic db/db mice | Prevented NAFLD by activating the SIRT1/AMPK/PGC1α signaling pathway | [113] | |
| Chicory polysaccharides (100 and 200 mg/kg) | High-fat diet rats | Attenuated high-fat diet induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via AMPK activation | [114] | |
| p53 regulation | Polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinal (70 mg/kg) | Female mice | Alleviated damage caused by aging through the inhibition of the nuclear NF-κB and p53/Bcl-2-mediated signaling pathways | [116] |
| Angelica polysaccharide (140 mg/kg) | Nestin-GFP transgenic mouse brain tissues and neural stem cells | Delayed aging speed by protecting neural stem cells and upregulating the p53/p21 signaling pathway | [59] | |
| Yulangsan polysaccharide (0.6 g/kg) | D-Galactose-treated mice | Suppressed the aging process by decreasing p21 and p53 gene expressions in the liver and brain | [64] |
Notes: AMPK: adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FGF21: fibroblast growth factor 21; PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; PI3K: phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase; AKT: protein kinase B; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SIRT: sirtuin; mTOR: the mammalian target of rapamycin; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; LPS: lipopolysaccharides; NO: nitric oxide; AMPK: adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; PGC: primordial germ cell; MDA: malondialdehyde; GSH-PX: glutathione peroxidase; HIF: hypoxia-inducible factor.