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. 2022 Jul 19;12:12283. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-16472-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Centred Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ordination of freshwater macroinvertebrate taxa (left) according to their functional traits (right). The first four PCA axes (indicated by numbers) are depicted in three pairwise combinations (axis 1 versus axis 2, 3 or 4) and only functional traits with correlation r >|0.5| with at least one axis are shown. Grey arrows are used to interpret ecological strategies along the axes. See Table 4, for abbreviations of traits.