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. 2022 Jul 19;13:4181. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31792-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Comparison of the transference number before and after the addition of 21-β-CD-g-PTFEMA. b The physical model used for the finite-element method simulations (FEMSs). c–h The Li⁺ concentration distribution obtained from FEMS results of the c whole region of PEO-ASPE-Li membrane, d whole region of FMC-ASPE-Li membrane, e near-region of the Li-plating side in the PEO-ASPE-Li membrane, and f near-region of the Li-plating side in the FMC-ASPE-Li membrane; the electric potential distribution obtained from FEMS results near the region of the Li-plating side in the g PEO-ASPE-Li membrane and h FMC-ASPE-Li membrane. i Schematic diagram of the working principle of X-ray tomography. j, k 3D reconstructions of the j PEO-ASPE-Li|Li and k FMC-ASPE-Li|Li interfaces after ten plating/stripping cycles, showing significantly different roughnesses. l, m Cross-sectional SEM images of l Li|PEO-ASPE-Li|Li and m Li|FMC-ASPE-Li|Li cells after cycling. n Cycling performance of the Li|FMC-ASPE-Li|Li symmetrical cell at a current density of 0.1 mA cm⁻² at 70 °C.