Table 1.
World (N=139)* |
Countries by income |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High (n=56)* | Upper middle (n=46) | Lower middle (n=25) | Low (n=12) | ||||
Screening invitations sent to individuals | 40 (29%)† | 30 (54%)† | 9 (20%) | 1 (4%) | 0 | ||
Year of introduction of current recommendations‡§ | |||||||
2016–20 | 54 (39%) | 23 (41%) | 19 (41%) | 8 (32%) | 4 (33%) | ||
2011–15 | 30 (22%) | 10 (18%) | 13 (28%) | 5 (20%) | 2 (17%) | ||
2010 and earlier | 36 (26%) | 14 (25%) | 8 (17%) | 10 (40%) | 4 (33%) | ||
Recommended age to begin screening, years | |||||||
24 or younger | 46 (33%) | 28 (50%) | 13 (28%) | 5 (20%) | 0 | ||
25–29 | 55 (40%) | 23 (41%) | 10 (22%) | 18 (72%) | 4 (33%) | ||
30–34 | 31 (22%) | 5 (9%) | 11 (24%) | 9 (36%) | 6 (50%) | ||
35–39 | 6 (4%) | 0 | 3 (7%) | 1 (4%) | 2 (17%) | ||
40 or older | 1 (1%) | 0 | 1 (2%) | 0 | 0 | ||
Recommended age to end screening, years | |||||||
49 or younger | 18 (13%) | 1 (2%) | 6 (13%) | 5 (20%) | 6 (50%) | ||
50–59 | 16 (12%) | 4 (7%) | 5 (11%) | 4 (16%) | 3 (25%) | ||
60–64 | 45 (32%) | 16 (29%) | 20 (43%) | 7 (28%) | 2 (17%) | ||
65–69 | 46 (33%) | 26 (46%) | 12 (26%) | 7 (28%) | 1 (8%) | ||
70 or older | 14 (10%) | 9 (16%) | 3 (7%) | 2 (8%) | 0 | ||
Cytology-based screening¶ | 109 (78%) | 53 (95%) | 41 (89%) | 13 (52%) | 2 (17%) | ||
Recommended ages and interval for cytology-based screening§ | |||||||
Age 29 years and younger | 88/109 (81%) | 49/53 (92%) | 29/41 (71%) | 10/13 (77%) | 0 | ||
Every 1–2 years | 13/88 (15%) | 8/49 (16%) | 4/29 (14%) | 1/10 (10%) | 0 | ||
Every 3 years | 67/88 (76%) | 38/49 (78%) | 22/29 (76%) | 7/10 (70%) | 0 | ||
Every 4 years or more | 5/88 (6%) | 1/49 (2%) | 2/29 (7%) | 2/10 (20%) | 0 | ||
Age 30–49 years | 98/109 (90%) | 47/53 (89%) | 37/41 (90%) | 12/13 (92%) | 2/2 (100%) | ||
Every 1–2 years | 14/98 (14%) | 8/47 (17%) | 4/37 (11%) | 1/12 (8%) | 1/2 (50%) | ||
Every 3 years | 65/98 (66%) | 31/47 (66%) | 26/37 (70%) | 8/12 (67%) | 0 | ||
Every 4 years or more | 13/98 (13%) | 5/47 (11%) | 6/37 (16%) | 2/12 (17%) | 0 | ||
Age 50 years and older | 90/109 (83%) | 44/53 (83%) | 34/41 (83%) | 11/13 (85%) | 1/2 (50%) | ||
Every 1–2 years | 14/90 (16%) | 7/44 (16%) | 5/34 (15%) | 1/11 (9%) | 1/1 (100%) | ||
Every 3 years | 58/90 (64%) | 27/44 (61%) | 23/34 (68%) | 8/11 (73%) | 0 | ||
Every 4 years or more | 14/90 (16%) | 8/44 (18%) | 5/33 (15%) | 1/11 (9%) | 0 | ||
Recommended triage test for cytology-based screening | |||||||
HPV test | 34/109 (31%) | 27/53 (51%) | 7/41 (17%) | 0 | 0 | ||
HPV-based screening¶‖ | 48 (35%) | 25 (45%) | 16 (35%) | 4 (16%) | 3 (25%) | ||
Recommended ages and interval for HPV screening§ | |||||||
Age 29 years and younger | 8/48 (17%) | 7/25 (28%) | 1/16 (6%) | 0 | 0 | ||
Every 3–4 years | 3/8 (38%) | 3/7 (43%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Every 5 years | 4/8 (50%) | 4/7 (57%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Every 5 years or more | 1/8 (13%) | 0 | 1/1 (100%) | 0 | 0 | ||
Age 30–49 years | 47/48 (98%) | 24/25 (96%) | 16/16 (100%) | 4/4 (100%) | 3/3 (100%) | ||
Every 3–4 years | 6/47 (13%) | 5/24 (21%) | 1/16 (6%) | 0 | 0 | ||
Every 5 years | 37/47 (79%) | 19/24 (79%) | 13/16 (81%) | 4/4 (100%) | 1/3 (33%) | ||
Every 5 years or more | 3/47 (6%) | 0 | 2/16 (13%) | 0 | 1/3 (33%) | ||
Age 50 years and older | 43/48 (90%) | 25/25 (100%) | 14/16 (88%) | 3/4 (75%) | 1/3 (33%) | ||
Every 3–4 years | 4/43 (9%) | 3/25 (12%) | 1/14 (7%) | 0 | 0 | ||
Every 5 years | 37/43 (86%) | 21/25 (84%) | 12/14 (86%) | 3/3 (100%) | 1/1 (100%) | ||
Every 5 years or more | 2/43 (5%) | 1/25 (4%) | 1/14 (7%) | 0 | 0 | ||
Recommended triage test for primary HPV-based screening | |||||||
Cytology | 18/48 (38%) | 12/25 (48%) | 6/16 (38%) | 0 | 0 | ||
Cytology or HPV genotyping | 6/48 (13%) | 2/25 (8%) | 4/16 (25%) | 0 | 0 | ||
Cytology or VIA | 1/48 (2%) | 0 | 1/16 (6%) | 0 | 0 | ||
HPV genotyping | 2/48 (4%) | 1/25 (4%) | 0 | 0 | 1/3 (33%) | ||
VIA | 2/48 (4%) | 0 | 0 | 2/4 (50%) | 0 | ||
Screen and treat strategy | 4/48 (4%) | 0 | 0 | 2/4 (50%) | 0 | ||
VIA as primary screening test¶ | 41 (29%) | 1 (2%) | 13 (28%) | 18 (72%) | 9 (75%) | ||
Recommended ages and interval for VIA screening§ | |||||||
Age 29 years and younger | 17/41 (41%) | 0 | 5/13 (38%) | 8/18 (44%) | 4/9 (44%) | ||
Every 1–2 years | 1/17 (6%) | 0 | 1/5 (20%) | 0 | 0 | ||
Every 3 years | 11/17 (65%) | 0 | 4/5 (80%) | 5/8 (63%) | 2/4 (50%) | ||
Every 4 years or more | 2/17 (12%) | 0 | 0 | 2/8 (25%) | 0 | ||
Age 30–49 years | 38/41 (93%) | 0 | 13/13 (100%) | 16/18 (89%) | 9/9 (100%) | ||
Every 1–2 years | 3/38 (8%) | 0 | 2/13 (15%) | 1/16 (6%) | 0 | ||
Every 3 years | 17/38 (45%) | 0 | 8/13 (62%) | 7/16 (44%) | 2/9 (22%) | ||
Every 4 years or more | 14/38 (37%) | 0 | 3/13 (23%) | 7/16 (44%) | 4/9 (44%) | ||
Age 50 years and older | 18/41 (44%) | 0 | 5/13 (38%) | 9/18 (50%) | 4/9 (44%) | ||
Every 1–2 years | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Every 3 years | 9/18 (50%) | 0 | 3/5 (60%) | 5/9 (56%) | 1/4 (25%) | ||
Every 4 years or more | 6/18 (33%) | 0 | 2/5 (40%) | 3/9 (33%) | 1/4 (25%) | ||
Underserved populations | 4/41 (10%) | 1/1 (100%) | 2/13 (15%) | 1/18 (6%) | 0 | ||
Screen and treat strategy with VIA | 31/41 (76%) | 0 | 7/13 (54%) | 16/18 (89%) | 8/9 (89%) |
HPV=Human papillomaviruses. VIA=visual inspection with acetic acid.
Partial implementation in United Arab Emirates (Abu-Dabi).
Variability among country regions in Belgium, Canada, and Spain. Organised programmes in small regions in Greece not included.
Including introduction of modifications in the recommended primary tests, modifications to ages to start and end screening, and modifications to screening interval.
No information was available about the year of introduction of current recommendations in 19 countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Monaco, Guinea, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Bermuda, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Cook Islands, Vanuatu, Bahrain, North Korea, and Timor-Leste), about the recommended screening interval for cytological screening in seven countries (Albania, Cyprus, Dominica, Cook Islands, Vanuatu, Iran, and Syria), and about the recommended screening interval for VIA screening in six countries (Guinea, Madagascar, Mozambique, Bolivia, Panama, and Timor-Leste).
Combined with other main screening tests or alone.
Including countries that are transitioning to HPV as the main test. Not including countries that reported plans in 2019 for introduction of HPV-based screening by 2024 (Canada, New Zealand, Belgium, Belarus, Japan, and Trinidad and Tobago).