Table 1.
Sample Characteristics
| Controls |
Heavy drinkers |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | M | SD | n | % | N | M | SD | n | % | p a | |
|
| |||||||||||
| Maternal age at conception (year) | 83 | 25.5 | 4.8 | 123 | 27.7 | 5.7 | 0.004 | ||||
| Parity (no.) | 83 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 123 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.105 | ||||
| Gravidity (no.) | 83 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 123 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 0.109 | ||||
| Marital status (no. married) | 83 | 34 | 41.0 | 123 | 34 | 27.6 | 0.046 | ||||
| Education (years school completed) | 83 | 10.0 | 1.6 | 123 | 9.3 | 1.7 | 0.005 | ||||
| Socioeconomic statusb | |||||||||||
| Food securityc | 79 | 196 | 0.017 | ||||||||
| High food security | 37 | 46.8 | 32 | 27.4 | |||||||
| Marginal food security | 10 | 12.7 | 12 | 10.3 | |||||||
| Low food security | 11 | 13.9 | 19 | 16.2 | |||||||
| Very low food security | 21 | 26.6 | 54 | 46.2 | |||||||
| Received prenatal iron/folic acid supplementation | 80 | 69 | 86.3 | 119 | 104 | 87.4 | 0.814 | ||||
| Takes supplements most days (supplemented only) | 65 | 93.2 | 104 | 90.4 | 0.367 | ||||||
| Weeks gestation | |||||||||||
| Initiation of antenatal care | 83 | 18.7 | 6.0 | 123 | 17.3 | 5.9 | 0.111 | ||||
| Visit 1 | 83 | 25.5 | 5.0 | 123 | 22.9 | 5.8 | 0.001 | ||||
| Visit 2 | 78 | 29.9 | 5.0 | 116 | 27.0 | 5.6 | <0.001 | ||||
| Visit 3 | 46 | 34.0 | 3.9 | 78 | 32.5 | 4.0 | 0.050 | ||||
| Delivery | 83 | 39.0 | 2.2 | 123 | 38.8 | 2.1 | 0.626 | ||||
| Height (cm) | 81 | 159.0 | 5.5 | 119 | 156.9 | 6.5 | 0.016 | ||||
| Weight (kg) | |||||||||||
| Visit 1 | 80 | 65.5 | 13.9 | 120 | 61.4 | 12.1 | 0.145 | ||||
| Visit 2 | 76 | 66.8 | 13.2 | 115 | 63.1 | 13.0 | |||||
| Visit 3 | 47 | 67.9 | 10.1 | 77 | 65.0 | 14.0 | |||||
| Gestational weight gain (kg/wk) | 76 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 116 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.600 | ||||
| < 0.42 kg/wk | 37 | 48.7 | 64 | 55.2 | 0.379 | ||||||
| BMI | |||||||||||
| Visit 1 | 80 | 26.0 | 5.5 | 119 | 224.9 | 4.9 | 0.530 | ||||
| Visit 2 | 76 | 26.4 | 5.2 | 114 | 25.6 | 4.9 | |||||
| Visit 3 | 47 | 26.9 | 3.8 | 77 | 26.4 | 4.9 | |||||
| Triceps skinfold (mm) | |||||||||||
| Visit 1 | 81 | 16.9 | 6.1 | 120 | 15.6 | 5.1 | 0.195 | ||||
| Visit 2 | 76 | 16.6 | 6.0 | 114 | 16.5 | 5.6 | |||||
| Visit 3 | 47 | 16.2 | 5.2 | 77 | 15.4 | 5.1 | |||||
| Biceps skinfold (mm) | |||||||||||
| Visit 1 | 81 | 9.2 | 4.0 | 120 | 7.9 | 4.0 | 0.104 | ||||
| Visit 2 | 76 | 9.2 | 3.8 | 114 | 8.3 | 4.6 | |||||
| Visit 3 | 47 | 8.6 | 3.3 | 77 | 8.2 | 3.5 | |||||
| Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC; cm) | |||||||||||
| Visit 1 | 81 | 28.8 | 4.1 | 120 | 27.7 | 4.0 | 0.142 | ||||
| Visit 2 | 76 | 28.7 | 4.0 | 115 | 27.8 | 4.1 | |||||
| Visit 3 | 47 | 28.9 | 3.4 | 77 | 28.1 | 4.1 | |||||
| Head circumference (cm) | 81 | 53.9 | 1.9 | 119 | 53.5 | 1.7 | 0.067 | ||||
| Alcohol and drug use | |||||||||||
| AA/d (oz) | 83 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 123 | 0.9 | 1.2 | <0.001 | ||||
| AA/drinking day (oz) | 83 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 123 | 4.2 | 2.4 | <0.001 | ||||
| Drinking days/wk (days) | 83 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 123 | 1.3 | 1.1 | <0.001 | ||||
| No. of reporting cigarette smoking | 83 | 57 | 68.7 | 123 | 106 | 86.2 | 0.002 | ||||
| Cigarettes/d (smokers only) | 6.1 | 5.9 | 6.8 | 4.1 | 0.435 | ||||||
| No. of reporting marijuana use | 83 | 8 | 9.6 | 123 | 29 | 23.6 | 0.011 | ||||
| Marijuana use (users only; days/month) | 4.0 | 4.7 | 9.7 | 9.4 | 0.026 | ||||||
| No. of reporting methamphetamine use | 83 | 15 | 18.1 | 123 | 12 | 9.8 | 0.083 | ||||
| Methamphetamine use (users only; days/month) | 8.8 | 8.0 | 4.5 | 5.4 | 0.119 | ||||||
AA = absolute alcohol; 1 oz AA ≈ 2 standard drinks.
a
From χ2 for categorical variables and t-tests for all continuous variables except for weight, BMI, and MUAC, for which values from analysis of variance (ANOVA) models, with control for weeks gestation at time of measurement, are presented.
b
Hollingshead (2011) Four Factor Index of Social Status Scale.
c
From USDA food security interview (National Research Council, 2006).