Fig. 2. Recombination networks and rates for coronaviruses MERS, 229E, OC43, and NL63.

Recombination networks for MERS (A) and seasonal human coronaviruses 229E (B), OC43 (C), and NL63 (D). E Recombination rates (per lineage and year) for the different coronaviruses compared to reassortment rates in seasonal human influenza A/H3N2 and influenza B viruses as estimated in under the coalescent with reassortment using whole-genome influenza sequences sampled over multiple decades¹⁶. For OC43 and NL63, the parts of the recombination networks that stretch beyond 1950 are not shown to increase the readability of more recent parts of the networks. The error bars denote the upper and lower bound of the 95% highest posterior density interval. All MCC networks are provided as a Source Data file.