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. 2022 Jul 19;22:301. doi: 10.1186/s12903-022-02255-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Sodium butyrate (NaB) decreased the osteogenic capacity of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). a Evaluation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity 5 days after osteogenic induction indicated that 1 mM NaB decreased ALP activity in PDLSCs. b, c Alizarin red staining assay and cetylpyridinium chloride assay performed 14 days after induction showed that 1 mM NaB decreased the formation of mineralized nodules in PDLSCs. d–g Following 7 days of osteogenic induction, RT-PCR showed that 1 mM NaB downregulated Runx2, OSX, OCN, and OPN. h Western blotting showed that 1 mM NaB reduced the protein expression of Runx2, OSX, OCN, OPN, Smad1 and p-Smad1/5/8. i Following 14 days of osteogenic induction, RT-PCR showed that 0.1 mM and 1 mM NaB downregulated OCN. j Western blotting and densitometric analysis showed that 0.1 mM and 1 mM NaB reduced the protein expression of OCN. The length of the blots was appropriate in the manuscript. Error bars represent the standard deviation (n = 3). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, using one-way ANOVA