Table 4.
Chondrogenesis
| Active components | Biomaterials | Experimental model | Efficacy | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Icariin | HA/Col hydrogel | BMSC, 1 µM; rabbit osteochondral defect model | Up-regulating SOX9, AGG, COL II, and COL X | [134] |
| COL | Rabbit chondrocyte, 10−5 M; rabbit distal femora osteochondral defects model | Up-regulating AGG, COLII, SOX9, GAG, and COLI | [135] | |
| Selfassembling peptide nanofiber hydrogel | rBMSC; 1 × 10−6 M | Up-regulating COLII and SOX9 | [136] | |
| Resveratrol | COLI/PAA | Chondrocytes, BMSCs, 0.5%; rabbit osteochondral defects model | Up-regulating SOX9, AGG, COLII and COLI | [137] |
| PLA–Gel porous nano-scaffold | Rat articular cartilage defect model | Up-regulating AKT and COLII and down-regulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway-related proteins (VEGF, PTEN, Caspase9 and MMP-13) | [138] | |
| Epigallocatechin | Hyaluronic acid | Chondrocytes, 50 µM; mouse osteoarthritis model | Up-regulating GAG, COLII, SOX9 and ACAN and down-regulating ADAMTS5, COLI, and COLX | [139] |
| Genipin | Carbon dot hydrogel | 500 mM | Collagen–genipin–carbon dot nanoparticles improving chondrogenic differentiation and cartilage regeneration | [140] |