Pre‐operative and intra‐operative |
Gabapentinoids |
Inconsistent evidence |
Corticosteroids |
Lack of procedure‐specific evidence |
Magnesium sulphate |
Limited procedure‐specific evidence |
Intravenous lidocaine |
Lack of procedure‐specific evidence |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation |
Inconsistent and limited evidence |
Wound infiltration |
Limited procedure‐specific evidence |
Intrapleural analgesia |
Limited procedure‐specific evidence |
Intercostal nerves block |
Lack of procedure‐specific evidence |
Thoracic epidural |
Non‐inferiority of less invasive techniques with fewer side‐effects |
Postoperative |
Gabapentinoids |
Inconsistent evidence |
Intravenous lidocaine |
Lack of procedure‐specific evidence |
Dexmedetomidine |
Lack of procedure‐specific evidence |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation |
Inconsistent and limited evidence |