TABLE 2.
Active clinical trials evaluating PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors in gliomas
| Trial identifier | Disease | PD‐1/PD‐L1 target | PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitor | Additional treatment | Study size | Trial status | Phase | Year start/end |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT02017717 (CheckMate 143) | Recurrent glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Bevacizumab, ipilimumab | N = 626 | Active, not recruiting | III | 2014/2020 |
| NCT02287428 | Newly diagnosed MGMT‐unmethylated glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | Personalised neoantigen vaccine, radiation therapy temozolomide | N = 56 | Recruiting | I | 2014/2022 |
| NCT02311920 | Newly diagnosed glioblastoma or gliosarcoma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Ipilimumab, temozolomide | N = 32 | Active, not recruiting | I | 2015/2017 |
| NCT02336165 | Glioblastoma | PD‐L1 | Durvalumab | Radiation therapy, bevacizumab | N = 159 | Active, not recruiting | II | 2015/2021 |
| NCT02337686 | Recurrent glioblastoma or gliosarcoma | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | Conventional surgery | N = 20 | Active, not recruiting | II | 2015/2020 |
| NCT02530502 | Newly diagnosed glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | Temozolomide, radiation therapy | N = 4 | Active, not recruiting | I | 2015/2020 |
| NCT02617589 (CheckMate 498) | Newly diagnosed MGMT‐unmethylated glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Temozolomide, radiation therapy | N = 550 | Active, not recruiting | III | 2016/2020 |
| NCT02628067 (KEYNOTE‐158) | Different tumours including brain tumours (histological subtype not specified) | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | — | N = 13 (in total N = 233) | Recruiting | II | 2015/2026 |
| NCT02658981 | Recurrent glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Anti‐LAG‐3 antibody BMS‐986016, urelumab | N = 63 | Active, not recruiting | I | 2016/2022 |
| NCT02667587 (Checkmate548) | Newly diagnosed MGMT‐methylated glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Temozolomide, radiation therapy, nivolumab placebo | N = 693 | Active, not recruiting | III | 2016/2023 |
| NCT02794883 | Recurrent malignant glioma | PD‐L1 | Durvalumab | Tremelimumab, surgery | N = 36 | Active, not recruiting | II | 2016/2020 |
| NCT02798406 | Recurrent glioblastoma or gliosarcoma | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | DNX‐2401 | N = 49 | Active, not recruiting | II | 2016/2021 |
| NCT02866747 | Recurrent glioblastoma | PD‐L1 | Durvalumab | Hypofractionated stereotactic radiation therapy | N = 112 | Recruiting | I/II | 2017/2024 |
| NCT03018288 | Newly diagnosed glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | HSPPC‐96, temozolomide, placebo | N = 108 | Recruiting | II | 2017/2024 |
| NCT03047473 | Newly diagnosed glioblastoma | PD‐L1 | Avelumab | ‐ | N = 30 | Active, not recruiting | II | 2017/2022 |
| NCT03174197 | Newly diagnosed glioblastoma, gliosarcoma | PD‐L1 | Atezolizumab | Temozolomide, radiation therapy | N = 80 | Active, not recruiting | I/II | 2017/2021 |
| NCT03197506 | Glioblastoma, gliosarcoma | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | Temozolomide, radiation therapy, conventional surgery | N = 90 | Recruiting | II | 2017/2022 |
| NCT03233152 | Recurrent glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Ipilimumab | N = 6 | Recruiting | I | 2016/2019 |
| NCT03277638 | Recurrent glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | Laser interstitial thermotherapy | N = 34 | Recruiting | I/II | 2017/2021 |
| NCT03341806 | Recurrent glioblastoma | PD‐L1 | Avelumab | Laser interstitial thermal therapy | N = 30 | Recruiting | I | 2018/2021 |
| NCT03347617 | Newly diagnosed glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | Ferumoxytol MRI | N = 45 | Recruiting | II | 2017/2022 |
| NCT03367715 | Newly diagnosed MGMT‐unmethylated glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Ipilimumab, radiation therapy | N = 24 | Recruiting | II | 2018/2020 |
| NCT03405792 | Newly diagnosed glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | Temozolomide, tumour treating fields | N = 29 | Recruiting | II | 2018/2023 |
| NCT03422094 | Newly diagnosed unmethylated glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | NeoVax, ipilimumab | N = 3 | Active, not recruiting | I | 2018/2021 |
| NCT03425292 | Newly diagnosed high grade glioma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Ipilimumab, bevacizumab, temozolomide, metronomic temozolomide, conformal brain radiation therapy | N = 90 | Recruiting | I | 2018/2022 |
| NCT03426891 | Newly diagnosed glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | Temozolomide, vorinostat, radiation therapy | N = 32 | Recruiting | I | 2018/2022 |
| NCT03430791 | Recurrent glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Ipilimumab tumour treating fields | N = 60 | Recruiting | II | 2018/2021 |
| NCT03452579 | Recurrent glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Bevacizumab | N = 90 | Active, not recruiting | II | 2018/2022 |
| NCT03491683 | Newly diagnosed glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Cemiplimab | INO‐5401, INO‐9012 temozolomide, radiation therapy | N = 52 | Active, not recruiting | I/II | 2018/2021 |
| NCT03493932 | Glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | BMS‐986016 | N = 25 | Recruiting | I | 2018/2021 |
| NCT03576612 | Newly diagnosed high‐grade glioma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Aglatimagene besadenovec, valacyclovir, temozolomide, radiation therapy | N = 36 | Recruiting | I | 2018/2021 |
| NCT03636477 | Recurrent or progressive glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Veledimex,Ad‐RTS‐hIL‐12 | N = 21 | Active, not recruiting | I | 2018/2021 |
| NCT03661723 | Recurrent glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | Bevacizumab, re‐irradiation | N = 60 | Recruiting | II | 2018/2021 |
| NCT03665545 | Relapsing glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | IMA950/Poly‐ICLC | N = 24 | Recruiting | I/II | 2018/2023 |
| NCT03673787 | Glioblastoma, metastatic prostate cancer, advanced solid tumours | PD‐L1 | Atezolizumab | Ipatasertib | N = 51 | Active, not recruiting | I/II | 2018/2020 |
| NCT03684811 | IDH1 mutated glioma and advanced solid tumours | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | FT‐2102, azacitidine, gemcitabine, cisplatin | N = 200 | Active, not recruiting | I/II | 2018/2022 |
| NCT03718767 | IDH‐mutant glioma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | — | N = 95 | Recruiting | II | 2019/2025 |
| NCT03722342 | Recurrent glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | TTAC‐0001 | N = 9 | Active, not recruiting | I | 2019/2020 |
| NCT03726515 | Newly diagnosed, MGMT‐unmethylated glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | CART‐EGFRvIII T cells | N = 7 | Active, not recruiting | I | 2019/2034 |
| NCT03743662 | Recurrent MGMT methylated glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Bevacizumab, re‐irradiation, re‐resection | N = 94 | Recruiting | II | 2018/2021 |
| NCT03750071 | Progressive glioblastoma | PD‐L1 | Avelumab | VXM01 | N = 30 | Recruiting | I/II | 2018/2020 |
| NCT03797326 | Triple negative breast cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, biliary tract cancers | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | Lenvatinib | N = 600 | Recruiting | II | 2019/2024 |
| NCT03890952 | Recurrent glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Bevacizumab | N = 40 | Recruiting | II | 2018/2022 |
|
(PERGOLA) |
Newly diagnosed glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | — | N = 56 | Not yet recruiting | II | 2019/2023 |
| NCT04003649 | Recurrent/refractory glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Ipilimumab, IL13Ralpha2‐specific Hinge‐optimised 4‐1BB‐co‐stimulatory CAR/Truncated CD19‐expressing Autologous TN/MEM Cells | N = 60 | Recruiting | I | 2019/2022 |
| NCT04006119 | Recurrent/progressive glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Cemiplimab | Veledimex, Ad‐RTS‐hIL‐12 | N = 36 | Active, not recruiting | II | 2019/2022 |
| NCT04013672 | Recurrent glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | SurVaxM, sargramostim, montanide ISA 51 | N = 51 | Recruiting | II | 2020/2021 |
| NCT04047706 | Newly diagnosed glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Temozolomide, radiation therapy, BMS‐986205 | N = 30 | Recruiting | I | 2019/2023 |
| NCT04145115 | Recurrent glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Ipilimumab | N = 37 | Not yet recruiting | II | 2020/2023 |
| NCT04160494 | Recurrent grade IV malignant glioma | PD‐L1 | Atezolizumab | D2C7‐IT | N = 18 | Recruiting | I | 2020/2025 |
| NCT04195139 | Newly diagnosed glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Temozolomide | N = 102 | Recruiting | II | 2018/2022 |
| NCT04201873 | Recurrent glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | Dendritic cell tumour cell lysate vaccine, placebo, Poly ICLC | N = 40 | Recruiting | I | 2020/2025 |
| NCT04323046 | Recurrent or progressive high‐grade glioma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Ipilimumab, placebo | N = 45 | Not yet recruiting | I | 2020/2025 |
| NCT04396860 | Newly diagnosed MGMT unmethylated glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Ipilimumab, NovoTTF‐100A Device, radiation therapy, temozolomide | N = 485 | Recruiting | II/III | 2020/2024 |
| NCT04429542 | Advanced solid tumours including glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | BCA101 | N = 292 | Recruiting | I | 2020/2023 |
| NCT04479241 | Recurrent glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Pembrolizumab | PVSRIPO | N = 10 | Not yet recruiting | I | 2020/2023 |
| NCT04583020 | Newly diagnosed glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Camrelizumab | Temozolomide, radiation | N = 42 | Recruiting | II | 2020/2023 |
| NCT04606316 | Recurrent glioblastoma | PD‐1 | Nivolumab | Ipilimumab, surgery | N = 60 | Recruiting | I | 2021/2023 |
| NCT04729959 | Recurrent glioblastoma | PD‐L1 | Atezolizumab | Surgery, fractionated stereotactic radiation, tocilizumab | N = 53 | Not yet recruiting | II |
Note: Data retrieved from ClinicalTrials.gov. 103 A search was last conducted on 1 February 2021.
Abbreviations: PD‐1 Programmed death‐1, PD‐L1 programmed death‐ligand 1, N Number, MGMT O6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase, MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging, EGFR Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, CD Cluster of differentiation.